聚合物的微观磨损

聚合物在制造业、航空 航天、汽车工业、医疗设备 等领域中得到了广泛应用。 在医用关节置换应用方面， 超高分子量聚乙烯成为髋关 节和膝关节置换的标准承载 面材料。这种聚合物部件的 宏观磨损性能源于各自的微 观摩擦学。本书通过研究开 发了新型微刮擦仪，即手动 微刮板机和半自动微刮板机 ，模拟了配合面的单个粗糙 度与聚合物表面的相互作用 。通过了解导致磨损表面变 形、表面划痕以及最终形成 磨损碎片颗粒的微观过程， 本书在微观尺度上推动了对 坚硬粗糙度、几何形状以及 划痕路径对重要聚合物表面 磨损的影响机理和磨屑产生 机理的理解。这为改进材料 设计、降低磨损率以及提高 植入物寿命提供了数据和理 论支持。

Chapter 1 Introduction: Tribology of Polymers 1.1 Macrotribology and Microtribology 1.2 Polymer Materials 1.2.1 Amorphous Polymers 1.2.2 Semi-crystalline Polymers 1.2.3 Surface Morphology 1.3 Polymer Wear in Orthopaedical Prostheses 1.4 Microscratching of Polymers 1.4.1 Principle of Microscratching 1.4.2 Characterisation of Microscratches 1.4.3 Debris Generation in Microscratching 1.4.4 Microscratching and Macroscopic Wear Rate 1.5 Aims of This Thesis Chapter 2 Materials and Experimental Techniques 2.1 Material Samples and Their Properties 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope 2.3.1 Principles of SEM 2.3.2 Specifications of the Hitachi TM3000 SEM 2.3.3 Conductive Coating of Polymer Samples 2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy 2.4.1 Principles of AFM 2.4.2 NT MDT Atomic Force Microscope 2.5 Macroscopic Wear Testing 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Development of Novel Microscratching Instrumentation 3.1 Scratching Tips 3.1.1 Conical Geometry 3.1.2 Cubic Corner Geometry 3.2 Microscratching Apparatus 3.2.1 Manual Microscratcher 3.2.2 Semi-automated Microscratcher 3.3 Summary Chapter 4 Microscratching of Polyethylene Terephthalate 4.1 Single-pass Unidirectional Microscratching 4.2 Microscratching with Directional Change 4.2.1 Single-pass Microscratching 4.2.2 Multiple-pass Microscratching 4.3 Summary Chapter 5 Microscratching of PMMA, PTFE, PEEK and UHMWPE 5.1 Experimental Details 5.2 Unidirectional Microscratching 5.3 Multiple-pass Microscratching with Directional Change 5.3.1 Bidirectional Microscratching 5.3.2 Square Pattern with 90° Directional Changes 5.3.3 Multi-pass Orthogonal Intersecting Microscratching 5.4 Scratch Deformation Mechanisms 5.5 Summary Chapter 6 Wear Debris Generation: Geometry Effects and Scaling 6.1 Macroscopic Visualization 6.1.1 Experimental Setup and Materials 6.1.2 Visualization of the Macroscopic Scratches 6.2 Microscratching Using a Conical Tip 6.2.1 Characterisation of the Unidirectional Microscratch 6.2.2 Bidirectional Conical Scratch 6.2.3 Square Conical Microscratching 6.2.4 Orthogonal Microscratching 6.3 Effect of the Attack Geometry of the Scratching Tip 6.4 Correlation of the Microtribology with Macroscopic Wear 6.4.1 Pin-on-disk Macroscopic Wear 6.4.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Wear Rate 6.5 Summary Chapter 7 Microscratching Characterization of the Wear-in of UHMW Polyethylene in Prostheses 7.1 Rotating Platform Knee Prostheses 7.2 Aims of This Study 7.3 Experimental Details 7.3.1 Microscratching Depth Markers 7.3.2 Static Loading Experiments 7.3.3 Fitting the Microscratched Plugs 7.3.4 Wear Experiment 7.3.5 Radioisotope Tracing 7.4 Results and Discussion 7.4.1 Microscratches Before the Wear Experiment 7.4.2 Microscratches Under Static Load 7.4.3 Surface Characterisation After the Wear Experiment 7.5 Modelling the Wear Process 7.6 Summary Chapter 8 Conclusions and Outlook Bibliography