Overview ····································································································· 1
Chapter 1 R&D Personnel ············································································11
Section 1 Overview of R&D Personnel ·······························································11
Section 2 Structure of R&D Personnel································································14
Section 3 Cultivation of Human Resources in Science and Technology··························19
Chapter 2 Research and Development Expenditure ·············································23
Section 1 Overview of R&D Expenditure ····························································23
Section 2 Structure of R&D Expenditure ·····························································27
Section 3 Sources and Destinations of R&D Expenditure ··········································32
Section 4 Government Science and Technology Expenditure······································34
Chapter 3 Output of Science and Technology Activities ········································37
Section 1 S&T Papers····················································································37
Section 2 Patents··························································································45
Section 3 Technology Transaction ·····································································54
Chapter 4 Research and Development Activities of Enterprises ······························58
Section 1 R&D Activities of Enterprises ······························································58
Section 2 R&D Activities of Industrial Enterprises··················································62
Section 3 R&D Collaboration and Technology Acquisition of Industrial Enterprises ··········71
Chapter 5 Science and Technology Activities of Higher Education Institutions ···········76
Section 1 R&D Institutions and Personnel of HEIs··················································76
Section 2 R&D Expenditure of HEIs ··································································81
Section 3 R&D Output of HEIs ········································································87
Chapter 6 S&T Activities of Government Research Institutes ································90
Section 1 Overview of Research Institutes····························································90
Section 2 R&D Personnel of Research Institutes ····················································91
Section 3 R&D Expenditure of Research Institutes··················································95
Section 4 Output of S&TActivities and Transfer of Technological Achievements ··········· 100
Chapter 7 High-tech Industry and Innovation & Start-up··································· 105
Section 1 High-tech Industry ········································································· 105
Section 2 National High-tech Zones and Business Incubators··································· 113
Chapter 8 Regional Science and Technology Indicators ······································ 120
Annex Tables ····························································································· 131
Annex Table 1-1 Overview of R&D personnel (2006-2021)···································· 131
Annex Table 1-2 R&D personnel of selected countries/regions by sector of performance········································································ 133
Annex Table 1-3 Number of undergraduate and postgraduate students (2006-2021)········ 134
Annex Table 2-1 R&D expenditure (2000-2021) ················································· 136
Annex Table 2-2 Distribution of R&D expenditure by type of activity and sectors of performance (2000-2021) ······················································· 137
Annex Table 2-3 Structure of R&D expenditure by sectors of performance (2021)·········· 138
Annex Table 2-4 Central and local government S&T expenditures and their proportions to total government expenditure (2000-2021) ················· 138
Annex Table 2-5 R&D expenditure of selected countries (2010-2021)························ 139
Annex Table 2-6 R&D intensity of selected countries (2010-2021) ··························· 141
Annex Table 2-7 Distribution of R&D expenditure of selected countries by type of activity·············································································· 143
Annex Table 2-8 Distribution of R&D expenditure of selected countries by sectors of performance········································································ 144
Annex Table 2-9 Distribution of R&D expenditure of selected countries by source of funds ················································································ 145
Annex Table 3-1 SCI papers from China (2007-2021)··········································· 146
Annex Table 3-2 SCI papers from China by academic discipline and type of institution (2007-2021) ·························································· 147
Annex Table 3-3 Number of three types of resident and non-resident patent applications and grants (2006-2021)················································ 148
Annex Table 3-4 Number of resident invention patent grants by type of patent owner (2006-2021)······························································· 149
Annex Table 3-5 PCT applications of selected countries (2010-2021) ························ 149
Annex Table 3-6 Triadic patent applications of selected countries (2010-2020) ············· 150
Annex Table 3-7 China’s technology contract turnover (2011-2021)·························· 151
Annex Table 3-8 Technology contracts in China (2021) ········································· 152
Annex Table 4-1 Enterprise R&D personnel and R&D expenditure (2006-2021) ··········· 153
Annex Table 4-2 Sources and composition of enterprise R&D expenditure (2010-2021) ························································ 154
Annex Table 4-3 Intramural R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises (2009-2021) ······ 155
Annex Table 4-4 R&D intensity of industrial enterprises (2009-2021)························ 155
Annex Table 4-5 Experimental development expenditure of industrial enterprises and its proportion to total R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises (2009-2021) ······································································· 156
Annex Table 4-6 Distribution of intramural R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises by industry (2021) ································································ 156
Annex Table 4-7 Distribution of extramural R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises above the designated size by industry (2021) ································· 158
Annex Table 4-8 Expenditure on technology acquisition of industrial enterprises above the designated size (2011-2021) ··············································160
Annex Table 5-1 R&D activities of higher education institutions (2006-2021) ·············· 161
Annex Table 5-2 Higher education institution R&D expenditure of selected countries ····· 162
Annex Table 6-1 Number of research institutes (2006-2021) ··································· 162
Annex Table 6-2 R&D personnel of research institutes (2006-2021)·························· 163
Annex Table 6-3 Proportion of R&D personnel of research institutes to national total of selected countries (2006-2021)········································ 163 Annex Table 6-4
Academic degree structure of R&D personnel in research institutes (2009–2021)···························································· 164
Annex Table 6-5 R&D expenditure of research institutes (2006-2021) ······················· 164
Annex Table 6-6 Proportion of R&D expenditure of research institutes to national R&D expenditure, of selected countries (2006-2021) ············ 165
Annex Table 6-7 Proportion of basic research expenditure to R&D expenditure of research institutes, of selected countries (2006-2021)······················· 165
Annex Table 6-8 Output of S&T papers of research institutes (2006-2021) ·················· 166
Annex Table 6-9 Patent applications of and patent grants to research institutes (2006-2021)···························································· 166
Annex Table 6-10 Number of technology contracts of research institutes (2006-2021)····· 167
Annex Table 6-11 Turnover of technology contracts of research institutes (2006-2021) ··· 167
Annex Table 7-1 High-technology sector overview (2010-2021) ······························ 168
Annex Table 7-2 High-technology sector on main S&T indicators (2010-2021) ············ 170
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