Chapter 1 Introduction to 4D Printing
1.1 History of 4D Printing
1.2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for 4D Printing
1.3 Smart Materials for 4D Printing
References
Chapter 2 Stimuli Responsive Polymers for 4D Printing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Shape Memory Polymers for 4D Printing
2.2.1 Direct heating triggered SMPs for 4D printing
2.2.2 Indirect heating triggered SMPs for 4D printing
2.2.3 Non heating triggered SMPs for 4D printing
2.3 Hydrogels and Composites for 4D Printing
2.3.1 Hydration/dehydration based shape shifting hydrogels for 4D printing
2.3.2 Heating triggered shape shifting hydrogels for 4D printing
2.3.3 Other responsive shape shifting hydrogels for 4D printing
2.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers for 4D Printing
2.4.1 Direct heating triggered LCEs for 4D printing
2.4.2 Light triggered LCEs for 4D printing
2.5 Magnetoactive Soft Materials for 4D Printing
2.5.1 Soft magnetic polymer composites for 4D printing
2.5.2 Hard magnetic polymer composites for 4D printing
2.6 Other Shape Shifting Materials for 4D Printing
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 3D Printing Technologies for 4D Printing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Digital Light Processing
3.3 Direct Ink Writing
3.4 Inkjet Printing
3.5 Two Photon Polymerization
3.6 Fused Deposition Modeling
References
Chapter 4 Digital Light Processing Based 4D Printing for Soft Robotics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Shape Memory Polymeric Actuators
4.3 Soft Pneumatic Actuators
4.4 Magnetic Field Driven Actuators
4.5 Hydrogel Actuators
4.6 Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Direct Ink Writing Based 4D Printing for Soft Robotics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Magnetic Field Driven Soft Robots
5.3 Chemical Reaction Driven Bioinspired Soft Robots
5.4 Soft Robots by 4D Printing Liquid Crystal Elastomers
5.5 Integrated Manufacturing of Soft Robots by Multi Material 3D Printing
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Inkjet Based 4D Printing for Soft Robotics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Shape Memory Structures and Actuators
6.2.1 SMP based 4D printing via shape programming
6.2.2 4D printing for sequential shape transformations
6.2.3 4D printing of digital materials with tunable shape memory behavior
6.2.4 Direct 4D printing
6.3 Integrated Manufacturing of Fast Response Stiffness Variable Soft Actuators
6.4 Chemical Reaction Driven Functionally Graded Soft Robots
6.5 Fluid Driven Soft Robots
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Two Photon Polymerization Based 4D Printing for Soft Microrobots
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Magnetic Field Driven Microrobots
7.2.1 Helical microrobots that load cargo with microstructures
7.2.2 Helical microrobots that load cargo with functionalized surface
7.2.3 Helical microrobots that load cargo with biodegradable material
7.2.4 Magnetic field driven microrobots with complex structure
7.3 Optical Driven Microrobots
7.3.1 Microrobots driven by molecular configuration shape change
7.3.2 Microrobots driven by photothermal effect
7.4 Other Power Sources Driven Micro Nano Robots
7.4.1 Capillary force driven self assembly microrobots
7.4.2 pH stimuli responsive smart materials microrobots
7.4.3 Temperature responsive color changing microstructures
References
Chapter 8 A Review of 4D Printing Using Fused Deposition Modeling
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanisms that Enable the FDM 4D Printing
8.2.1 Thermally triggered SME of thermoplastics
8.2.2 Thermally triggered SME of thermoplastics composites
8.2.3 SMEs triggered by indirect heating
8.2.4 Mismatch of volume expansion in thermoplastic composites and structures
8.3 Applications of FDM 4D Printing
8.3.1 Deployable and shape morphing structures
8.3.2 Biomedical devices
8.3.3 Self healing structures
8.3.4 Energy absorption and
