数据库原理与应用（SQL SERVER）

本书系统全面地阐述了数据库系统的基础理论、基本技术和基本方法。全书分为15章，内容包括数据库基础，关系数据库理论，关系数据库标准语言SQL，数据库安全，数据库完整性、关系数据库理论，数据库设计，数据库建模工具及双向工程，数据库编程，基于B/S结构的数据库管理系统，基于QC（C/S）结构的数据库管理系统，数据库优化及并发控制，大数据管理系统，内存数据库系统，数据仓库与联机分析处理技术。本书内容循序渐进，深入浅出，概念清晰，条理性强，每一章节都给出了相应的实例，便于学生理解和掌握。

第1 章 数据库概述 ··························································································.1 1.1 数据库基本概念 ·············································································.1 1.2 数据管理技术的发展 ·······································································.4 1.3 数据库系统的特点 ··········································································.6 1.4 数据独立性 ···················································································.9 1.5 数据库系统的组成 ········································································.10 习题 ·································································································.11 第2 章 数据模型与数据库结构 ·········································································.12 2.1 数据模型 ····················································································.12 2.1.1 数据与信息 ········································································.13 2.1.2 数据模型 ···········································································.13 2.1.3 数据模型的组成要素 ····························································.15 2.2 概念数据模型 ··············································································.16 2.2.1 基本概念 ···········································································.16 2.2.2 实体-联系模型 ····································································.17 2.3 逻辑数据模型 ··············································································.18 2.3.1 层次模型 ···········································································.18 2.3.2 网状模型 ···········································································.20 2.3.3 关系模型 ···········································································.22 2.4 数据库系统结构 ···········································································.24 2.4.1 模式的基本概念 ··································································.24 2.4.2 三级模式结构 ·····································································.25 2.4.3 模式映像与数据独立性 ·························································.26 习题 ·································································································.27 第3 章 关系数据库 ························································································.28 3.1 关系数据结构 ··············································································.28 3.1.1 关系的定义与性质 ·······························································.29 3.1.2 关系模式 ···········································································.31 3.1.3 关系数据库 ········································································.31 3.2 关系操作 ····················································································.31 3.2.1 基本的关系操作 ··································································.31 3.2.2 关系数据语言的分类 ····························································.32 3.3 关系的完整性 ··············································································.32 3.3.1 实体完整性 ········································································.32 3.3.2 参照完整性 ········································································.32 3.3.3 用户定义的完整性 ·······························································.33 3.4 关系代数 ····················································································.34 3.4.1 传统的集合运算 ··································································.34 3.4.2 专门的关系运算 ··································································.35 习题 ·································································································.42 第4 章 关系数据库标准语言SQL ·····································································.43 4.1 SQL 概述 ····················································································.43 4.1.1 SQL 的产生与发展 ·······························································.44 4.1.2 SQL 的特点 ········································································.44 4.1.3 数据类型 ···········································································.46 4.1.4 Transact-SQL 语句 ·······························································.47 4.2 数据定义 ····················································································.48 4.2.1 数据库的定义与删除 ····························································.48 4.2.2 基本表的定义、删除与修改 ···················································.49 4.2.3 索引的建立与删除 ·······························································.51 4.3 数据查询 ····················································································.53 4.3.1 单表查询 ···········································································.53 4.3.2 连接查询 ···········································································.62 4.3.3 嵌套查询 ···········································································.65 4.3.4 集合查询 ···········································································.71 4.3.5 基于派生表的查询 ·······························································.73 4.4 数据更新 ····················································································.73 4.4.1 插入数据 ···········································································.74 4.4.2 修改数据 ···········································································.75 4.4.3 删除数据 ···········································································.76 4.5 空值的处理 ·················································································.76 4.6 视图 ··························································································.78 4.6.1 定义视图 ···········································································.78 4.6.2 查询视图 ···········································································.81 4.6.3 更新视图 ···········································································.82 4.6.4 视图的作用 ········································································.84 习题 ·································································································.85 第5 章 数据库完整性 ·····················································································.86 5.1 实体完整性 ·················································································.86 5.1.1 定义实体完整性 ··································································.86 5.1.2 实体完整性检查和违约处理 ···················································.87 5.2 参照完整性 ·················································································.88 5.2.1 定义参照完整性 ··································································.88 5.2.2 参照完整性检查和违约处理 ···················································.88 5.3 用户定义的完整性 ········································································.90 5.3.1 属性上的约束条件 ·······························································.90 5.3.2 元组上的约束条件 ·······························································.91 5.4 完整性约束命名子句 ·····································································.92 习题 ·································································································.93 第6 章 关系数据库规范化理论 ·········································································.95 6.1 问题的提出 ·················································································.95 6.1.1 关系模型的形式化定义 ·························································.96 6.1.2 数据依赖的基本概念 ····························································.96 6.1.3 不规范的数据库设计可能存在的问题 ·······································.96 6.2 规范化 ·······················································································.98 6.2.1 函数依赖 ···········································································.98 6.2.2 码 ····················································································.99 6.2.3 范式 ················································································.100 6.2.4 第一范式（1NF） ·······························································.100 6.2.5 第二范式（2NF） ·······························································.101 6.2.6 第三范式（3NF） ·······························································.102 6.2.7 BCNF 范式 ········································································.103 6.2.8 多值依赖与 4NF ·································································.103 6.3 函数依赖的公理系统 ····································································.106 6.3.1 函数依赖集的完备性 ···························································.106 6.3.2 函数依赖的推理规则 ···························································.107 6.3.3 属性的闭包与 F 逻辑蕴含的充要条件 ······································.109 6.3.4 最小函数依赖集 Fmin ··························································.110 6.4 关系模式分解 ·············································································.111 6.4.1 无损分解 ··········································································.112 6.4.2 保持函数依赖 ····································································.115 6.5 关系模式规范化步骤 ····································································.117 习题 ································································································.118 第7 章 数据库设计 ·······················································································.119 7.1 数据库设计概述 ··········································································.119 7.1.1 数据库设计的特点 ······························································.120 7.1.2 数据库设计方法 ·································································.121 7.1.3 数据库设计的基本步骤 ························································.122 7.1.4 数据库设计过程中的各级模式 ···············································.124 7.2 需求分析 ···················································································.125 7.2.1 需求分析的任务 ·································································.125 7.2.2 需求分析的方法 ·································································.126 7.2.3 数据字典 ··········································································.127 7.3 概念结构设计 ·············································································.128 7.3.1 概念模型 ··········································································.129 7.3.2 E-R 模型 ···········································································.129 7.3.3 概念结构设计 ····································································.133 7.4 逻辑结构设计 ·············································································.133 7.4.1 E-R 图向关系模型的转换 ·····················································.134 7.4.2 数据模型的优化 ·································································.135 7.5 物理结构设计 ·············································································.135 7.5.1 数据库物理设计的内容和方法 ···············································.136 7.5.2 关系模式存取方法选择 ························································.136 7.5.3 确定数据库的存储结构 ························································.138 7.5.4 评价物理结构 ····································································.139 7.6 数据库的实施和维护 ····································································.139 7.6.1 数据的载入和应用程序的调试 ···············································.139 7.6.2 数据库的试运行 ·································································.140 7.6.3 数据库的运行和维护 ···························································.140 习题 ································································································.141 第8 章 数据库编程 ·······················································································.142 8.1 嵌入式 SQL ················································································.142 8.1.1 嵌入式 SQL 的处理过程 ·······················································.143 8.1.2 嵌入式 SQL 语句与主语言之间的通信 ·····································.143 8.1.3 不用游标的 SQL 语句 ··························································.146 8.1.4 使用游标的 SQL 语句 ··························································.147 8.2 过程化 SQL ················································································.148 8.2.1 过程化 SQL 的块结构 ··························································.148 8.2.2 变量和常量的定义 ······························································.148 8.2.3 流程控制 ··········································································.149 8.3 存储过程和触发器 ·······································································.150 8.3.1 存储过程 ··········································································.150 8.3.2 触发器 ·············································································.152 8.4 ODBC 编程 ················································································.153 8.4.1 ODBC 概述 ·······································································.153 8.4.2 ODBC 工作原理概述 ···························································.154 8.4.3 ODBC API 基础 ··································································.155 8.4.4 ODBC 的工作流程 ······························································.157 习题 ································································································.161 第9 章 数据库安全性 ····················································································.162 9.1 数据库安全性概述 ·······································································.162 9.1.1 数据库的不安全因素 ···························································.163 9.1.2 数据库安全性控制 ······························································.163 9.2 数据库安全控制方法 ····································································.164 9.2.1 用户身份鉴别 ····································································.164 9.2.2 存取控制 ··········································································.164 9.2.3 视图机制 ··········································································.165 9.2.4 审计 ················································································.165 9.2.5 数据加密 ··········································································.166 9.3 存取控制 ···················································································.167 9.3.1 登录名和用户管理 ······························································.167 9.3.2 自主存取控制 ····································································.167 9.3.3 授权与收回权限 ·································································.168 9.3.4 角色管理 ··········································································.170 9.3.5 强制存取控制 ····································································.171 习题 ································································································.172 第10 章 数据库查询优化 ················································································.173 10.1 关系数据库系统的查询处理 ··························································.173 10.1.1 查询处理步骤 ···································································.174 10.1.2 实现查询操作的算法示例 ····················································.175 10.2 关系数据库系统的查询优化 ··························································.177 10.2.1 查询优化概述 ···································································.177 10.2.2 查询优化实例 ···································································.178 10.3 代数优化 ··················································································.179 10.3.1 关系代数优化的等价变换规则 ··············································.179 10.3.2 查询树的启发式优化 ··························································.181 10.4 物理优化 ··················································································.183 10.4.1 基于启发式规则的存取路径选择优化 ····································.183 10.4.2 基于代价估算的优化 ··························································.184 习题 ································································································.185 第11 章 并发控制 ·························································································.186 11.1 事务的基本概念 ·········································································.186 11.2 并发操作带来的问题 ···································································.188 11.3 封锁 ························································································.189 11.3.1 封锁粒度 ·········································································.189 11.3.2 锁的主要类型 ···································································.190 11.3.3 多粒度封锁 ······································································.191 11.4 封锁协议 ··················································································.192 11.5 活锁与死锁 ···············································································.193 11.5.1 活锁 ···············································································.193 11.5.2 死锁 ···············································································.194 11.6 并发调度的可串行性 ···································································.195 11.7 两段锁协议 ···············································································.197 习题 ································································································.198 第12 章 数据库恢复技术 ················································································.200 12.1 故障的种类 ···············································································.200 12.2 数据库恢复技术 ·········································································.202 12.3 恢复策略 ··················································································.205 12.4 具有检查点的恢复技术 ································································.207 12.5 数据库镜像 ···············································································.209 习题 ································································································.209 第13 章 数据库技术发展概述 ··········································································.210 13.1 数据库技术发展历史回顾 ·····························································.210 13.2 数据库发展的三个阶段 ································································.211 13.2.1 第一代数据库系统 ·····························································.211 13.2.2 第二代数据库系统 ·····························································.212 13.2.3 新一代数据库系统 ·····························································.212 13.3 数据库系统的特点及开源数据库 ····················································.213 13.3.1 数据模型的发展 ································································.213 13.3.2 数据库技术与相关技术相结合 ··············································.216 13.3.3 开源数据库 ······································································.218 13.4 数据管理技术的发展趋势 ·····························································.220 13.4.1 数据管理技术面临的挑战 ····················································.220 13.4.2 数据管理技术的发展与展望 ·················································.221 习题 ································································································.222 参考文献 ······································································································.223