大数据与国家治理

本书是将国家治理能力的现代化进程与大数据结合起来，探索以大数据为基础的提升国家治理能力现代化的方案，通过借鉴大数据推动政府治理的靠前经验，更好地以大数据推动政府治理能力现代化、以大数据提高政府宏观决策效率和质量、以大数据完善官方经济统计指标、以大数据加快我国新型城镇化建设、以大数据推进对外经济合作、以大数据增强国家安全的保护工作，切实落实我国的"大数据战略”。 本书共分为八章，分别从大数据与政府治理、大数据与经济决策、大数据与统计融合、大数据与城市发展、大数据与对外贸易、大数据与国家安全等方面论述大数据在推进国家治理现代化方面的作用。

吕欣，博士，国家信息中心副研究员，现为国家信息中心博士后工作站处长，《信息安全研究》期刊副主编。研究领域为网络安全和评价体系、网络空间安全战略等。2005年于中国科学院大学（原中国科学院研究生院）获得工学博士学位，2006―2008年在国家信息中心从事管理学博士后研究。曾主持国家社科基金青年项目，社科基金重大项目子课题，中国博士后科学基金面上项目、特别资助项目等多项课题，完成省部级委托研究及咨询项目十多项。
李洪侠，经济学博士，国家信息中心博士后，现为中国民生银行研究人员，研究方向为宏观经济和财政、金融，公开发表论文60多篇。
，博士，中国三星经济研究院首席研究员，主要从事城市与房地产政策、新型城镇化、智慧城市等领域的问题研究。

目 录 章 概述 ········································································································· 1 1.1 本书选题缘由和意义 ·············································································· 2 1.2 本书逻辑框架 ························································································· 4 1.3 本书主要研究发现 ·················································································· 5 应 用 篇 第2 章 大数据与国家治理的国际经验 ····························································· 12 2.1 美国 ······································································································· 12 2.2 欧盟及其成员国 ···················································································· 20 2.2.1 欧盟 ···························································································· 20 2.2.2 欧盟成员国 ················································································ 27 2.3 俄罗斯 ··································································································· 31 2.4 其他国家 ······························································································· 37 2.4.1 日本 ···························································································· 37 2.4.2 韩国 ···························································································· 39 2.4.3 新加坡 ························································································ 42 2.4.4 澳大利亚 ···················································································· 43 第3 章 大数据与政府治理 ················································································ 45 3.1 以大数据应用提高政府决策科学化和智能化水平 ································· 46 3.1.1 大数据有助于提升决策的智能化水平 ····································· 46 ??大数据与国家治理 ·VIII· 3.1.2 大数据有助于提高决策质量 ····················································· 47 3.1.3 大数据促使协同决策更加便利 ················································· 48 3.1.4 大数据有利于提高政府决策效率 ············································· 49 3.2 以大数据应用推进政府简政放权 ························································ 50 3.2.1 大数据战略思维推进政府简政放权 ········································· 50 3.2.2 大数据应用推进政府阳光执政 ················································· 51 3.2.3 大数据应用可以有效推进政府机构间的信息共享 ·················· 52 3.3 以大数据应用更好地提供公共服务和保障民生 ································· 53 3.3.1 通过大力推进数据开放促进创新应用 ····································· 53 3.3.2 通过信息设施建设、改善基础公共服务 ································· 54 3.3.3 通过智能化应用有效保障公共安全 ········································· 55 3.4 结论与建议 ··························································································· 55 第4 章 大数据与经济治理 ················································································ 58 4.1 决策与数据息息相关 ············································································ 58 4.1.1 数据、信息与决策 ···································································· 58 4.1.2 数据对政府决策的影响 ····························································· 60 4.1.3 党历来重视数据支撑决策 ························································· 65 4.2 经济决策对数据的需求 ········································································ 66 4.2.1 国际数据与国内数据 ································································ 67 4.2.2 宏观数据与微观数据 ································································ 68 4.2.3 历史数据与当前数据 ································································ 70 4.2.4 传统统计数据与新时代大数据 ················································· 72 4.3 大数据时代经济决策新高度 ································································ 73 4.3.1 大数据提高经济决策精准性 ····················································· 74 4.3.2 大数据提高经济决策前瞻性 ····················································· 75 4.3.3 大数据提高经济决策实战性 ····················································· 76 4.3.4 大数据提高机构及决策实效性 ················································· 76 第5 章 大数据与金融治理 ················································································ 77 5.1 大数据推进金融治理的国际经验 ························································ 77 5.1.1 大数据成为金融治理的战略资源 ············································· 77 目 录?? ·IX· 5.1.2 世界各国纷纷进行大数据金融战略布局 ································· 79 5.2 我国金融业在大数据背景下面临的挑战和障碍 ································· 81 5.3 大数据应用推进金融治理的重要作用 ················································· 84 5.4 大数据推进金融治理的路径分析 ························································ 87 5.5 大数据推进金融治理的政策建议 ························································ 88 第6 章 大数据与新型城镇化 ············································································ 92 6.1 农民工进城安居问题 ············································································ 93 6.1.1 农民工进城居住现状 ······························································· 94 6.1.2 农民工进城安居难主要原因 ····················································· 95 6.2 城镇居民住房问题 ················································································ 97 6.2.1 住房需求量大，城镇房源紧缺 ················································· 97 6.2.2 房价高速增长，住房自有率低 ················································· 97 6.2.3 人均面积差距大，居住环境不佳 ············································· 98 6.3 政府应用房地产大数据的背景 ···························································· 98 6.3.1 打造智慧城市，推进新型城镇化 ············································· 99 6.3.2 精细化调控需要大数据支持 ··················································· 100 6.3.3 房地产基础数据已部分具备大数据特征 ······························· 100 6.3.4 大数据助力房地产的经济社会功能发挥 ······························· 101 6.4 政府应用房地产大数据面临的问题 ··················································· 102 6.5 房地产大数据辅助宏观决策的对策与应用 ······································· 103 第7 章 大数据与统计融合 ·············································································· 106 7.1 大数据时代官方统计面临的挑战 ······················································ 106 7.2 大数据时代官方统计面临的机遇 ······················································ 108 7.3 官方统计应与大数据融合发展 ·························································· 110 7.4 大数据时代的非传统经济指标 ·························································· 113 7.4.1 国际常用的经济新指标 ··························································· 113 7.4.2 我国常用的经济新指标 ··························································· 120 第8 章 大数据与民生保障 ·············································································· 125 8.1 我国民生大数据整合开放的重要意义 ··············································· 125 8.1.1 大数据和智慧城市 ·································································· 125 ??大数据与国家治理 ·X· 8.1.2 大数据和城乡治理 ·································································· 126 8.1.3 大数据和公共服务 ·································································· 127 8.2 大数据在民生保障方面的应用 ·························································· 127 8.2.1 大数据和公共医疗卫生 ··························································· 128 8.2.2 大数据和公共交通 ·································································· 129 8.2.3 大数据和教育 ·········································································· 130 8.2.4 大数据和公共安全 ·································································· 130 8.2.5 大数据和社会保障 ·································································· 131 8.3 我国民生大数据整合开放以来取得的成效 和存在的不足 ·············· 131 8.3.1 我国民生大数据整合开放以来取得的成效 ···························· 131 8.3.2 我国民生大数据整合开放以来存在的不足 ···························· 132 8.4 民生保障建设对数据的要求 ······························································ 134 8.4.1 我国民生保障建设需要的三方面数据 ··································· 134 8.4.2 民生保障建设对数据的四个要求 ··········································· 135 8.5 大数据服务于民生保障的有关建议 ··················································· 136 战 略 篇 第9 章 大数据产业发展战略 ·········································································· 140 9.1 典型国家和地区大数据产业发展特点和趋势 ··································· 140 9.2 我国大数据产业发展现状 ·································································· 144 9.3 我国大数据产业发展面临的瓶颈和问题 ··········································· 147 9.4 构建大数据产业发展战略的对策 ······················································ 151 0 章 我国大数据人才发展战略 ································································ 157 10.1 我国大数据人才发展现状 ································································ 158 10.2 我国大数据人才发展存在的问题 ····················································· 161 10.2.1 人才总量及结构问题 ····························································· 161 10.2.2 大数据人才管理存在的问题 ················································· 163 10.3 构建我国大数据人才战略体系 ························································ 164 10.3.1 政府层面 ················································································ 164 10.3.2 企业层面 ················································································ 167 目 录?? ·XI· 1 章 数据开放共享战略 ············································································ 169 11.1 数据开放共享的政策背景 ································································ 169 11.2 国际政府数据开放特点 ···································································· 171 11.3 我国政府数据开放面临的挑战 ························································· 173 11.4 我国政府数据开放的主要方向 ························································· 176 11.5 推进我国政府数据有序开放的保障措施 ········································· 178 2 章 大数据与国家安全战略 ···································································· 181 12.1 大数据与政治安全 ············································································ 183 12.2 大数据与国土安全 ············································································ 184 12.3 大数据与军事安全 ············································································ 185 12.4 大数据与经济安全 ············································································ 186 12.5 大数据与文化安全 ············································································ 187 12.6 大数据与社会安全 ············································································ 187 12.7 大数据与科技安全 ············································································ 188 12.8 大数据与生态资源等其他安全 ························································ 189 参考文献 ············································································································· 191