计算机网络技术(第2版)/孙波

本书是按照高职高专的教学要求，以职业岗位技能培养为目的而编写的
教材。内容注重对学生实践动手能力的培养，通过设置多个实训任务场景，
引导学生由浅入深地学习计算机网络相关的知识与技术。全书共分14 章，
分别介绍了计算机网络基础知识、数据通信基础、局域网基础、以太网组网
技术、交换机与虚拟局域网、无线局域网、网络互联与IP 地址、IP 数据报、
路由器与路由选择、三层交换技术、TCP 与UDP、应用层协议与应用服务、
广域网技术以及IPv6 技术等内容，并附有习题和课后实训。

本书内容丰富，概念清楚，技术实用，难度适中，理论与实训任务结合
紧密，并且反映了当前计算机网络技术的一些近期新内容。

本书既可作为高等职业院校计算机及相关专业的计算机网络课程教材，也
可作为计算机网络培训教材或网络技术爱好者、工程技术人员的参考用书。

第2版前言
第1版前言
第1 章 计算机网络概述································1

1.1 计算机网络的发展及分类·························1
1.1.1 计算机网络的基本概念······················1
1.1.2 计算机网络的发展······························2
1.1.3 计算机网络的分类······························3
1.2 计算机网络通信协议·································4
1.3 ISO/OSI 参考模型······································5
1.3.1 为何需要网络模型······························5
1.3.2 ISO/OSI 介绍·······································5
1.3.3 数据的封装与传递······························7
1.3.4 ISO/OSI 商业应用的失败···················8
1.4 Internet 与TCP/IP ······································8
1.4.1 Internet 的起源·····································8
1.4.2 TCP/IP 介绍·········································9
1.4.3 TCP/IP 整体层次模型·························9
1.4.4 TCP/IP 协议栈····································11
本章小结·····························································12
习题及课后实训·················································12
第2 章 数据通信基础····································14

2.1 数据通信的基本概念································14
2.1.1 数据通信系统的模型·························14
2.1.2 数据通信的常用术语·························15
2.1.3 数据通信方式·····································16
2.1.4 数据通信中的同步方式·····················17
2.1.5 数据通信中的主要技术指标·············19
2.2 数据编码与传输技术································21
2.2.1 模拟数据和数字数据通信·················21
2.2.2 数字数据的数字信号编码·················22
2.2.3 数字数据的模拟信号编码·················24
2.2.4 模拟数据的数字信号编码·················25
2.2.5 基带传输与频带传输·························26
2.3 多路复用技术············································26
2.3.1 多路复用技术的基本概念·················26
录

2.3.2 频分多路复用·····································27
2.3.3 波分多路复用·····································28
2.3.4 时分多路复用·····································28
2.4 分组交换技术············································29
2.4.1 分组交换概念·····································29
2.4.2 数据报交换·········································30
2.4.3 虚电路交换·········································31
2.5 差错控制技术············································32
2.5.1 差错控制的基本概念·························32
2.5.2 差错控制编码·····································32
2.5.3 差错控制方法·····································33
本章小结·····························································33
习题及课后实训·················································34
第3 章 局域网基础·········································35

3.1 局域网基础知识········································35
3.1.1 局域网工作的网络层次·····················35
3.1.2 局域网的主要特点·····························36
3.2 局域网拓扑结构········································36
3.2.1 总线型拓扑结构·································36
3.2.2 环形拓扑结构·····································37
3.2.3 星形拓扑结构·····································37
3.2.4 混合型拓扑结构·································38
3.3 局域网传输介质········································39
3.3.1 同轴电缆·············································39
3.3.2 双绞线·················································39
3.3.3 光缆·····················································40
3.4 传输介质访问控制方法····························41
3.4.1 MAC 地址···········································42
3.4.2 MAC 帧···············································42
3.4.3 传输介质访问控制方法·····················43
3.5 观察MAC 地址和以太网帧实训·············45
3.5.1 查看计算机网卡的MAC 地址··········45
3.5.2 观察以太网MAC 帧··························46

目录

本章小结·····························································52
习题及课后实训·················································52

第4 章 以太网组网技术·······························53

4.1
以太网的相关标准····································53
4.1.1 IEEE 802 标准·····································53
4.1.2 以太网的常见标准·····························54
4.2
以太网的网络组件····································55
4.2.1 集线器和交换机·································55
4.2.2 网络接口卡·········································56
4.2.3 非屏蔽双绞线·····································57
4.3
交换机或集线器的组网结构····················61
4.3.1 单一交换机（集线器）结构·············61
4.3.2 级联交换机（集线器）结构·············61
4.4
组建小型以太网实训································62
4.4.1 所需设备和器件·································63
4.4.2 制作直通UTP 电缆····························63
4.4.3 将计算机接入网络·····························63
4.4.4 网络连通性测试·································64
4.4.5 交换机级联·········································64
4.4.6 网络软件的安装和配置·····················65
4.4.7 用ping 命令测试网络的连通性········66
本章小结·····························································67
习题及课后实训·················································67
第5 章 交换机与虚拟局域网······················69

5.1
交换技术····················································69
5.1.1 共享式以太网的缺点·························69
5.1.2 交换技术·············································70
5.2
以太网交换机的工作过程························71
5.2.1 工作过程概述·····································72
5.2.2 数据转发方式·····································73
5.2.3 地址学习·············································73
5.2.4 通信过滤·············································74
5.3
生成树协议················································74
5.4
虚拟局域网（VLAN）·····························75
5.4.1 交换式以太网与VLAN ·····················76
5.4.2 VLAN 的划分方法·····························77
5.4.3 VLAN 的优点·····································79
5.5
以太网交换机的分类································80
5.6
组建交换式以太网并划分
VLAN 实训················································81
5.6.1 以太网交换机的连接配置·················81
5.6.2 Cisco Packet Tracer 仿真软件············83
5.6.3 交换机常用命令模式框架·················84
5.6.4 以太网交换机配置VLAN ·················86
本章小结·····························································89
习题及课后实训·················································89
第6 章 无线局域网·········································90

6.1 无线局域网基础知识································90
6.1.1 无线局域网的特点与应用环境·········90
6.1.2 无线局域网的标准·····························91
6.2 无线局域网的组网模式····························92
6.2.1 点对点模式·········································93
6.2.2 基础架构模式·····································93
6.2.3 无线局域网的组建与应用形式·········94
6.3 无线局域网常见名词解释························95
6.3.1 SSID·····················································95
6.3.2 WEP 和WPA ······································95
6.3.3 无线信道·············································96
6.4 组建小型无线局域网实训························96
6.4.1 无线AP 的设置··································97
6.4.2 无线网卡的设置·································99
本章小结····························································100
习题及课后实训················································100
第7 章 网络互联与IP 地址·······················102

7.1 网络互联···················································102
7.1.1 IP 层网络互联····································102
7.1.2 IP 层与数据链路层····························103
7.1.3 IP 层的特点········································104
7.1.4 IP 互联网的特点································105
7.2 IP 地址······················································105
7.2.1 IP 地址的作用····································105
7.2.2 IP 地址的层次结构····························106
7.2.3 IP 地址的编址方法及表示················106
7.2.4 IP 地址分类········································107

计算机网络技术 第2 版

7.2.5 特殊IP 地址·······································109
7.2.6 IP 编址实例········································110
7.2.7 子网划分············································111
7.3 子网掩码···················································112
7.3.1 子网掩码的定义································112
7.3.2 子网掩码举例····································113
7.4 无分类编址···············································114
7.5 地址解析协议（ARP）···························115
7.5.1 完整的ARP 工作过程·······················116
7.5.2 ARP 命令的使用································117
7.6 IP 地址规划与配置实训··························118
本章小结····························································121
习题及课后实训················································121
第8章 IP数据报···········································122

8.1 IP 数据报的格式······································122
8.2 IP 封装、分片与重组······························124
8.2.1 IP 数据报的分片与重组····················125
8.2.2 分片控制············································126
8.3 查看IP 数据报实训·································126
8.4 ICMP 与ping 命令···································129
8.4.1 ICMP···················································129
8.4.2 ping 命令············································130
本章小结····························································132
习题及课后实训················································132
第9 章 路由器与路由选择··························133

9.1 路由基础···················································133
9.1.1 路由表················································133
9.1.2 特殊路由············································134
9.1.3 IP 数据报的转发································136
9.2 路由表的建立与更新·······························136
9.2.1 路由表的建立····································136
9.2.2 路由表的更新····································137
9.3 路由协议···················································138
9.3.1 内部网关协议和外部网关协议········139
9.3.2 有类路由协议和无类路由协议········139
9.4 内部网关路由协议···································140
9.4.1 RIP ······················································140
9.4.2 OSPF 协议··········································141
9.5 路由器的基本知识···································144
9.5.1 路由器概述········································144
9.5.2 路由器的接口····································144
9.5.3 连接到路由器····································144
9.5.4 通过命令配置路由器························146
9.6 网络互联实训···········································147
9.6.1 前期准备工作····································148
9.6.2 使用静态路由配置····························150
9.6.3 使用RIP 配置····································152
9.6.4 使用OSPF 协议配置·························153
本章小结····························································155
习题及课后实训················································155
第10 章 三层交换技术·································157

10.1 三层交换技术的作用·····························157
10.1.1 使用三层交换··································157
10.1.2 工作原理及使用场合······················158
10.1.3 三层交换机的特点··························159
10.2 三层交换机的连接和配置·····················160
10.2.1 三层交换机的接口··························160
10.2.2 连接到三层交换机··························160
10.2.3 三层交换机的命令模式··················160
10.3 三层交换网络实训·································161
10.3.1 准备工作··········································162
10.3.2 操作步骤··········································162
10.3.3 测试··················································164
本章小结····························································165
习题及课后实训················································165
第11章 TCP与UDP········································166

11.1 传输层的作用·········································166
11.1.1 点对点方式通信·······························166
11.1.2 端到端方式通信·······························167
11.1.3 传输层协议·······································167
11.2 传输层的端口·········································168
11.3 TCP··························································169
11.3.1 TCP 概述··········································169
11.3.2 TCP 报文··········································170

目录

11.3.3 TCP 可靠性的实现··························171
11.3.4 流量控制···········································172
11.3.5 TCP 连接与端口······························173
11.4 UDP·························································174
11.4.1 UDP 概述··········································174
11.4.2 UDP 的特点······································174
11.4.3 UDP 报文··········································175
11.5 端口访问实训·········································175
11.5.1 准备工作···········································175
11.5.2 默认端口测试···································176
11.5.3 更改端口测试···································177
本章小结····························································179
习题及课后实训················································180
第12 章 应用层协议与应用服务··············181

12.1 DNS 服务················································181
12.1.1 为何需要DNS ·································181
12.1.2 域名··················································182
12.1.3 域名解析过程··································182
12.1.4 DNS 服务器的安装与配置·············183
12.2 DHCP 服务·············································193
12.2.1 DHCP 服务简介与安装···················193
12.2.2 创建DHCP 作用域··························194
12.2.3 设置DHCP 客户端··························197
12.3 WWW 服务············································198
12.3.1 WWW 简介······································198
12.3.2 WWW 的工作原理··························198
12.3.3 WWW 系统的组成··························198
12.3.4 WWW 服务的安装与配置··············199
本章小结····························································203
习题及课后实训················································203
第13 章 广域网技术·····································204

13.1 公用电话交换网·····································205
13.1.1 入网方式··········································205
13.1.2 SLIP/PPP ··········································205
13.1.3 拨号入网··········································207
13.2 综合业务数字网（ISDN） ···················207
13.2.1 ISDN 简介········································207
13.2.2 ISDN 的接入····································207
13.2.3 宽带ISDN········································208
13.3 数字用户环路（xDSL）·······················208
13.3.1 xDSL 的工作原理····························208
13.3.2 xDSL 的种类····································209
13.4 数字数据网（DDN）····························209
13.5 公共分组交换网（X.25）·····················210
13.6 帧中继（Frame Relay）························211
13.6.1 帧中继的特点··································211
13.6.2 帧中继和X.25 的比较·····················211
13.7 异步传输模式（ATM） ························212
13.7.1 ATM 的基本概念·····························212
13.7.2 ATM 的应用·····································213
13.8 常用的Internet 接入技术······················214
13.8.1 个人用户接入··································214
13.8.2 小区宽带接入··································214
本章小结····························································215
习题及课后实训················································215
第14 章 IPv6 技术·········································217

14.1 IPv6 的基本概念····································217
14.1.1 IPv4 的不足······································217
14.1.2 IPv6 的发展和特性··························220
14.1.3 IPv6 中的基本概念··························221
14.2 IPv6 分组结构和ICMPv6······················222
14.2.1 IPv6 基本头部··································222
14.2.2 IPv6 扩展头部··································223
14.2.3 ICMPv6·············································224
14.3 IPv6 的地址和地址配置························225
14.3.1 IPv6 地址表示··································225
14.3.2 IPv6 地址分类··································226
14.3.3 IPv6 地址配置··································229
14.4 IPv4 向IPv6 过渡的策略·······················230
14.4.1 IPv4 向IPv6 过渡的进程················230
14.4.2 IPv6 过渡技术··································231
本章小结····························································233
习题及课后实训················································233
参考文献·······························································234