目录
Brief Contents
Preface xxxi
Trademarks xxxv
Part 1
Introduction and Underlying Technologies 1
Chapter 1
Introduction 2
Chapter 2
The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
Chapter 3
Underlying Technologies 46
Part 2
Network Layer 93
Chapter 4
Introduction to Network Layer 94
Chapter 5
IPv4 Addresses 114
Chapter 6
Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets 160
Chapter 7
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 186
Chapter 8
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 220
Chapter 9
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 4 (ICMPv4) 244
Chapter 10
Mobile IP 268
Chapter 11
Unicast Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF, and BGP) 282
Chapter 12
Multicasting and Multicast Routing Protocols 334
Part 3
Transport Layer 373
Chapter 13
Introduction to the Transport Layer 374
Chapter 14
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 414
Chapter 15
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 432
Chapter 16
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 502
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Part 4
Application Layer 541
Chapter 17
Introduction to the Application Layer 542
Chapter 18
Host Configuration: DHCP 568
Chapter 19
Domain Name System (DNS) 582
Chapter 20
Remote Login: TELNET and SSH 610
Chapter 21
File Transfer: FTP and TFTP 630
Chapter 22
World Wide Web and HTTP 656
Chapter 23
Electronic Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and MIME 680
Chapter 24
Network Management: SNMP 706
Chapter 25
Multimedia 728
Part 5
Next Generation 767
Chapter 26
IPv6 Addressing 768
Chapter 27
IPv6 Protocol 786
Chapter 28
ICMPv6 800
Part 6
Security 815
Chapter 29
Cryptography and Network Security 816
Chapter 30
Internet Security 858
Part 7
Appendices 891
Appendix A
Unicode 892
Appendix B
Positional Numbering Systems 896
Appendix C
Error Detection Codes 904
Appendix D
Checksum 914
Appendix E
HTML, XHTML, XML, and XSL 920
Appendix F
Client-Server Programming in Java 926
Appendix G
Miscellaneous Information 932
Glossary 935
References 955
Index 957
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ix
Contents
Preface xxxi
Trademarks xxxv
Part 1
Introduction and Underlying Technologies 1
Chapter 1
Introduction 2
1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY 3
ARPANET 3
Birth of the Internet 3
Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking Protocol (TCP/IP) 4
MILNET 4
CSNET 4
NSFNET 4
ANSNET 5
The Internet Today 5
World Wide Web 6
Time Line 6
Growth of the Internet 7
1.2 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 7
Protocols 7
Standards 8
1.3 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 8
Standards Creation Committees 8
Forums 10
Regulatory Agencies 10
1.4 INTERNET STANDARDS 10
Maturity Levels 11
Requirement Levels 12
1.5 INTERNET ADMINISTRATION 13
Internet Society (ISOC) 13
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) 13
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 13
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) 14
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 14
Network Information Center (NIC) 14
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CONTENTS
1.6 FURTHER READING 14
Books and Papers 15
Websites 15
1.7 KEY TERMS 15
1.8 SUMMARY 15
1.9 PRACTICE SET 16
Exercises 16
Research Activities 17
Chapter 2
The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
2.1 PROTOCOL LAYERS 19
Hierarchy 20
Services 20
2.2 THE OSI MODEL 20
Layered Architecture 21
Layer-to-Layer Communication 22
Encapsulation 23
Layers in the OSI Model 24
Summary of OSI Layers 28
2.3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 28
Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28
Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30
2.4 ADDRESSING 35
Physical Addresses 35
Logical Addresses 37
Port Addresses 39
Application-Specific Addresses 40
2.5 FURTHER READING 40
Books 40
RFCs 40
2.6 KEY TERMS 41
2.7 SUMMARY 41
2.8 PRACTICE SET 42
Exercises 42
Research Activities 44
Chapter 3
Underlying Technologies 46
3.1 WIRED LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 47
IEEE Standards 47
Frame Format 48
Addressing 49
Ethernet Evolution 51
Standard Ethernet 51
Fast Ethernet 55
Gigabit Ethernet 56
Ten-Gigabit Ethernet 59
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3.2 WIRELESS LANS 59
IEEE 802.11 59
MAC Sublayer 61
Addressing Mechanism 64
Bluetooth 67
3.3 POINT-TO-POINT WANS 70
56K Modems 70
DSL Technology 71
Cable Modem 72
T Lines 75
SONET 75
PPP 76
3.4 SWITCHED WANS 77
X.25 77
Frame Relay 78
ATM 78
3.5 CONNECTING DEVICES 83
Repeaters 83
Bridges 84
Routers 86
3.6 FURTHER READING 88
3.7 KEY TERMS 88
3.8 SUMMARY 89
3.9 PRACTICE SET 89
Exercises 89
Research Activities 90
Part 2
Network Layer 93
Chapter 4
Introduction to Network Layer 94
4.1 INTRODUCTION 95
4.2 SWITCHING 96
Circuit Switching 96
Packet Switching 96
4.3 PACKET SWITCHING AT NETWORK LAYER 97
Connectionless Service 97
Connection-Oriented Service 99
4.4 NETWORK LAYER SERVICES 103
An Example 103
Logical Addressing 104
Services Provided at the Source Computer 105
Services Provided at Each Router 106
Services Provided at the Destination Computer 107
4.5 OTHER NETWORK LAYER ISSUES 108
Error Control 108
Flow Control 109
Congestion Control 110
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CONTENTS
Quality of Service 111
Routing 111
Security 111
4.6 FURTHER READING 111
4.7 KEY TERMS 112
4.8 SUMMARY 112
4.9 PRACTICE SET 112
Exercises 112
Chapter 5 IPv4 Addresses 114
5.1 INTRODUCTION 115
Address Space 115
Notation 115
Range of Addresses 117
Operations 118
5.2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING 121
Classes 121
Classes and Blocks 123
Two-Level Addressing 126
An Example 129
Three-Level Addressing: Subnetting 131
Supernetting 134
5.3 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING 135
Variable-Length Blocks 136
Two-Level Addressing 136
Block Allocation 141
Subnetting 142
5.4 SPECIAL ADDRESSES 147
Special Blocks 147
Special Addresses in Each block 148
5.5 NAT 149
Address Translation 150
Translation Table 150
5.6 FURTHER READING 152
Books 152
RFCs 152
5.7 KEY TERMS 153
5.8 SUMMARY 153
5.9 PRACTICE SET 154
Exercises 154
Chapter 6 Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets 160
6.1 DELIVERY 161
Direct Delivery 161
Indirect Delivery 161
6.2 FORWARDING 162
Forwarding Based on Destination Address 162
Forwarding Based on Label 176
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6.3 STRUCTURE OF A ROUTER 178
Components 178
6.4 FURTHER READING 181
Books 182
RFCs 182
6.5 KEY TERMS 182
6.6 SUMMARY 182
6.7 PRACTICE SET 183
Exercises 183
Research Activities 184
Chapter 7 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 186
7.1 INTRODUCTION 187
7.2 DATAGRAMS 187
7.3 FRAGMENTATION 192
Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) 192
Fields Related to Fragmentation 193
7.4 OPTIONS 197
Format 197
Option Types 198
7.5 CHECKSUM 205
Checksum Calculation at the Sender 205
Checksum Calculation at the Receiver 205
Checksum in the IP Packet 206
7.6 IP OVER ATM 207
ATM WANs 208
Routing the Cells 208
7.7 SECURITY 210
Security Issues 210
IPSec 211
7.8 IP PACKAGE 211
Header-Adding Module 212
Processing Module 213
Queues 213
Routing Table 214
Forwarding Module 214
MTU Table 214
Fragmentation Module 214
Reassembly Table 215
Reassembly Module 215
7.9 FURTHER READING 216
Books 216
RFCs 217
7.10 KEY TERMS 217
7.11 SUMMARY 217
7.12 PRACTICE SET 218
Exercises 218
Research Activities 219
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Chapter 8 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 220
8.1 ADDRESS MAPPING 221
Static Mapping 221
Dynamic Mapping 222
8.2 THE ARP PROTOCOL 222
Packet Format 223
Encapsulation 224
Operation 224
Proxy ARP 226
8.3 ATMARP 228
Packet Format 228
ATMARP Operation 229
Logical IP Subnet (LIS) 232
8.4 ARP PACKAGE 233
Cache Table 233
Queues 235
Output Module 235
Input Module 236
Cache-Control Module 237
More Examples 238
8.5 FURTHER READING 240
Books 240
RFCs 240
8.6 KEY TERMS 240
8.7 SUMMARY 241
8.8 PRACTICE SET 241
Exercises 241
Chapter 9 Internet Control Message Protocol Version 4
(ICMPv4) 244
9.1 INTRODUCTION 245
9.2 MESSAGES 246
Message Format 246
Error Reporting Messages 246
Query Messages 253
Checksum 256
9.3 DEBUGGING TOOLS 257
Ping 257
Traceroute 259
9.4 ICMP PACKAGE 262
Input Module 263
Output Module 263
9.5 FURTHER READING 264
Books 264
RFCs 264
9.6 KEY TERMS 264
9.7 SUMMARY 265
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9.8 PRACTICE SET 265
Exercises 265
Research Activities 267
Chapter 10 Mobile IP 268
10.1 ADDRESSING 269
Stationary Hosts 269
Mobile Hosts 269
10.2 AGENTS 270
Home Agent 271
Foreign Agent 271
10.3 THREE PHASES 271
Agent Discovery 271
Registration 273
Data Transfer 275
10.4 INEFFICIENCY IN MOBILE IP 277
Double Crossing 277
Triangle Routing 277
Solution 277
10.5 FURTHER READING 278
Books 278
RFCs 278
10.6 KEY TERMS 278
10.7 SUMMARY 279
10.8 PRACTICE SET 279
Exercises 279
Research Activities 280
Chapter 11 Unicast Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF,
and BGP) 282
11.1 INTRODUCTION 283
Cost or Metric 283
Static versus Dynamic Routing Tables 283
Routing Protocol 283
11.2 INTRA- AND INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING 284
11.3 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING 285
Bellman-Ford Algorithm 285
Distance Vector Routing Algorithm 287
Count to Infinity 291
11.4 RIP 293
RIP Message Format 294
Requests and Responses 295
Timers in RIP 296
RIP Version 2 297
Encapsulation 299
11.5 LINK STATE ROUTING 299
Building Routing Tables 300
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11.6 OSPF 304
Areas 304
Metric 305
Types of Links 305
Graphical Representation 307
OSPF Packets 307
Link State Update Packet 309
Other Packets 317
Encapsulation 320
11.7 PATH VECTOR ROUTING 320
Reachability 321
Routing Tables 322
11.8 BGP 323
Types of Autonomous Systems 323
Path Attributes 324
BGP Sessions 324
External and Internal BGP 324
Types of Packets 325
Packet Format 325
Encapsulation 329
11.9 FURTHER READING 329
Books 329
RFCs 330
11.10 KEY TERMS 330
11.11 SUMMARY 330
11.12 PRACTICE SET 331
Exercises 331
Research Activities 333
Chapter 12 Multicasting and Multicast Routing Protocols 334
12.1 INTRODUCTION 335
Unicasting 335
Multicasting 336
Broadcasting 338
12.2 MULTICAST ADDRESSES 338
Multicast Addresses in IPv4 339
Selecting Multicast Address 341
Delivery of Multicast Packets at Data Link Layer 342
12.3 IGMP 343
Group Management 344
IGMP Messages 344
IGMP Protocol Applied to Host 347
IGMP Protocol Applied to Router 351
Role of IGMP in Forwarding 352
Variables and Timers 354
Encapsulation 355
Compatibility with Older Versions 355
12.4 MULTICAST ROUTING 355
Optimal Routing: Shortest Path Trees 355
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12.5 ROUTING PROTOCOLS 358
Multicast Link State Routing: MOSPF 358
Multicast Distance Vector 360
DVMRP 364
CBT 364
PIM 366
12.6 MBONE 367
12.7 FURTHER READING 368
Books 368
RFCs 368
12.8 KEY TERMS 368
12.9 SUMMARY 369
12.10 PRACTICE SET 369
Exercises 369
Research Activities 371
Part 3 Transport Layer 373
Chapter 13 Introduction to the Transport Layer 374
13.1 TRANSPORT-LAYER SERVICES 375
Process-to-Process Communication 375
Addressing: Port Numbers 375
Encapsulation and Decapsulation 378
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 379
Flow Control 379
Error Control 382
Combination of Flow and Error Control 383
Congestion Control 385
Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Services 386
13.2 TRANSPORT-LAYER PROTOCOLS 389
Simple Protocol 390
Stop-and-Wait Protocol 391
Go-Back-N Protocol 395
Selective-Repeat Protocol 403
Bidirectional Protocols: Piggybacking 408
13.3 FURTHER READING 409
13.4 KEY TERMS 409
13.5 SUMMARY 410
13.6 PRACTICE SET 411
Exercises 411
Research Activities 413
Chapter 14 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 414
14.1 INTRODUCTION 415
14.2 USER DATAGRAM 416
14.3 UDP SERVICES 417
Process-to-Process Communication 417
Connectionless Services 418
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Flow Control 418
Error Control 418
Congestion Control 420
Encapsulation and Decapsulation 420
Queuing 421
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 423
Comparison between UDP and Generic Simple Protocol 423
14.4 UDP APPLICATIONS 424
UDP Features 424
Typical Applications 426
14.5 UDP PACKAGE 426
Control-Block Table 426
Input Queues 426
Control-Block Module 426
Input Module 427
Output Module 428
Examples 428
14.6 FURTHER READING 430
Books 430
RFCs 430
14.7 KEY TERMS 430
14.8 SUMMARY 430
14.9 PRACTICE SET 431
Exercises 431
Chapter 15 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 432
15.1 TCP SERVICES 433
Process-to-Process Communication 433
Stream Delivery Service 434
Full-Duplex Communication 436
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 436
Connection-Oriented Service 436
Reliable Service 436
15.2 TCP FEATURES 437
Numbering System 437
Flow Control 438
Error Control 438
Congestion Control 439
15.3 SEGMENT 439
Format 439
Encapsulation 441
15.4 A TCP CONNECTION 442
Connection Establishment 442
Data Transfer 444
Connection Termination 446
Connection Reset 448
15.5 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM 449
Scenarios 450
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15.6 WINDOWS IN TCP 457
Send Window 457
Receive Window 458
15.7 FLOW CONTROL 459
Opening and Closing Windows 460
Shrinking of Windows 462
Silly Window Syndrome 463
15.8 ERROR CONTROL 465
Checksum 465
Acknowledgment 465
Retransmission 466
Out-of-Order Segments 467
FSMs for Data Transfer in TCP 467
Some Scenarios 468
15.9 CONGESTION CONTROL 473
Congestion Window 473
Congestion Policy 474
15.10 TCP TIMERS 478
Retransmission Timer 478
Persistence Timer 481
Keepalive Timer 482
TIME-WAIT Timer 482
15.11 OPTIONS 482
15.12 TCP PACKAGE 489
Transmission Control Blocks (TCBs) 490
Timers 491
Main Module 491
Input Processing Module 495
Output Processing Module 496
15.13 FURTHER READING 496
Books 496
RFCs 496
15.14 KEY TERMS 496
15.15 SUMMARY 497
15.16 PRACTICE SET 498
Exercises 498
Research Activities 501
Chapter 16 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 502
16.1 INTRODUCTION 503
16.2 SCTP SERVICES 504
Process-to-Process Communication 504
Multiple Streams 504
Multihoming 505
Full-Duplex Communication 506
Connection-Oriented Service 506
Reliable Service 506
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16.3 SCTP FEATURES 506
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) 506
Stream Identifier (SI) 506
Stream Sequence Number (SSN) 507
Packets 507
Acknowledgment Number 509
Flow Control 509
Error Control 509
Congestion Control 510
16.4 PACKET FORMAT 510
General Header 510
Chunks 511
16.5 AN SCTP ASSOCIATION 519
Association Establishment 519
Data Transfer 521
Association Termination 524
Association Abortion 524
16.6 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM 525
Scenarios 526
16.7 FLOW CONTROL 529
Receiver Site 529
Sender Site 530
A Scenario 530
16.8 ERROR CONTROL 531
Receiver Site 532
Sender Site 532
Sending Data Chunks 534
Generating SACK Chunks 534
16.9 CONGESTION CONTROL 535
Congestion Control and Multihoming 535
Explicit Congestion Notification 535
16.10 FURTHER READING 535
Books 536
RFCs 536
16.11 KEY TERMS 536
16.12 SUMMARY 536
16.13 PRACTICE SET 537
Exercises 537
Research Activities 539
Part 4 Application Layer 541
Chapter 17 Introduction to the Application Layer 542
17.1 CLIENT-SERVER PARADIGM 543
Server 544
Client 544
Concurrency 544
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Socket Interfaces 546
Communication Using UDP 554
Communication Using TCP 558
Predefined Client-Server Applications 564
17.2 PEER-TO-PEER PARADIGM 564
17.3 FURTHER READING 565
17.4 KEY TERMS 565
17.5 SUMMARY 565
17.6 PRACTICE SET 566
Exercises 566
Chapter 18
Host Configuration: DHCP 568
18.1 INTRODUCTION 569
Previous Protocols 569
DHCP 570
18.2 DHCP OPERATION 570
Same Network 570
Different Networks 571
UDP Ports 572
Using TFTP 572
Error Control 573
Packet Format 573
18.3 CONFIGURATION 576
Static Address Allocation 576
Dynamic Address Allocation 576
Transition States 576
Other Issues 578
Exchanging Messages 579
18.4 FURTHER READING 579
Books and RFCs 579
18.5 KEY TERMS 580
18.6 SUMMARY 580
18.7 PRACTICE SET 580
Exercises 580
Research Activities 581
Chapter 19
Domain Name System (DNS) 582
19.1 NEED FOR DNS 583
19.2 NAME SPACE 584
Flat Name Space 584
Hierarchical Name Space 584
Domain Name Space 585
Domain 587
Distribution of Name Space 587
19.3 DNS IN THE INTERNET 589
Generic Domains 589
Country Domains 590
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Inverse Domain 591
Registrar 592
19.4 RESOLUTION 593
Resolver 593
Mapping Names to Addresses 593
Mapping Addresses to Names 593
Recursive Resolution 593
Iterative Resolution 594
Caching 594
19.5 DNS MESSAGES 595
Header 596
19.6 TYPES OF RECORDS 598
Question Record 598
Resource Record 599
19.7 COMPRESSION 600
19.8 ENCAPSULATION 604
19.9 REGISTRARS 604
19.10 DDNS 604
19.11 SECURITY OF DNS 605
19.12 FURTHER READING 605
Books 606
RFCs 606
19.13 KEY TERMS 606
19.14 SUMMARY 606
19.15 PRACTICE SET 607
Exercises 607
Research Activities 608
Chapter 20 Remote Login: TELNET and SSH 610
20.1 TELNET 611
Concepts 611
Time-Sharing Environment 611
Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 613
Embedding 614
Options 615
Symmetry 618
Suboption Negotiation 618
Controlling the Server 618
Out-of-Band Signaling 620
Escape Character 620
Modes of Operation 621
User Interface 623
Security Issue 624
20.2 SECURE SHELL (SSH) 624
Versions 624
Components 624
Port Forwarding 625
Format of the SSH Packets 626
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20.3 FURTHER READING 626
Books 626
RFCs 627
20.4 KEY TERMS 627
20.5 SUMMARY 627
20.6 PRACTICE SET 628
Exercises 628
Research Activities 629
Chapter 21 File Transfer: FTP and TFTP 630
21.1 FTP 631
Connections 631
Communication 633
Command Processing 635
File Transfer 639
Anonymous FTP 642
Security for FTP 643
The sftp Program 643
21.2 TFTP 643
Messages 644
Connection 646
Data Transfer 647
UDP Ports 649
TFTP Example 650
TFTP Options 650
Security 651
Applications 651
21.3 FURTHER READING 652
Books 652
RFCs 652
21.4 KEY TERMS 652
21.5 SUMMARY 653
21.6 PRACTICE SET 653
Exercises 653
Research Activities 655
Chapter 22 World Wide Web and HTTP 656
22.1 ARCHITECTURE 657
Hypertext and Hypermedia 658
Web Client (Browser) 658
Web Server 659
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 659
22.2 WEB DOCUMENTS 660
Static Documents 660
Dynamic Documents 660
Active Documents 663
22.3 HTTP 664
HTTP Transaction 664
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Conditional Request 670
Persistence 670
Cookies 672
Web Caching: Proxy Server 675
HTTP Security 675
22.4 FURTHER READING 676
Books 676
RFCs 676
22.5 KEY TERMS 676
22.6 SUMMARY 676
22.7 PRACTICE SET 677
Exercises 677
Research Activities 678
Chapter 23 Electronic Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP,
and MIME 680
23.1 ARCHITECTURE 681
First Scenario 681
Second Scenario 682
Third Scenario 682
Fourth Scenario 683
23.2 USER AGENT 684
Services Provided by a User Agent 684
User Agent Types 685
Sending Mail 685
Receiving Mail 686
Addresses 686
Mailing List or Group List 686
23.3 MESSAGE TRANSFER AGENT: SMTP 687
Commands and Responses 687
Mail Transfer Phases 691
23.4 MESSAGE ACCESS AGENT: POP AND IMAP 693
POP3 694
IMAP4 695
23.5 MIME 695
MIME Headers 695
23.6 WEB-BASED MAIL 700
Case I 700
Case II 701
23.7 E-MAIL SECURITY 701
23.8 FURTHER READING 702
Books 702
RFCs 702
23.9 KEY TERMS 702
23.10 SUMMARY 702
23.11 PRACTICE SET 703
Exercises 703
Research Activities 704
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Chapter 24 Network Management: SNMP 706
24.1 CONCEPT 707
Managers and Agents 707
24.2 MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS 708
Role of SNMP 708
Role of SMI 708
Role of MIB 709
An Analogy 709
An Overview 710
24.3 SMI 711
Name 711
Type 712
Encoding Method 713
24.4 MIB 715
Accessing MIB Variables 716
Lexicographic Ordering 718
24.5 SNMP 719
PDUs 719
Format 721
Messages 722
24.6 UDP PORTS 724
24.7 SECURITY 725
24.8 FURTHER READING 725
Books 725
RFCs 725
24.9 KEY TERMS 726
24.10 SUMMARY 726
24.11 PRACTICE SET 726
Exercises 726
Research Activity 727
Chapter 25 Multimedia 728
25.1 INTRODUCTION 729
25.2 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO 730
Digitizing Audio 730
Digitizing Video 730
25.3 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 731
Audio Compression 731
Video Compression 731
25.4 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO 736
First Approach: Using a Web Server 736
Second Approach: Using a Web Server with Metafile 737
Third Approach: Using a Media Server 738
Fourth Approach: Using a Media Server and RTSP 738
25.5 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 739
25.6 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 740
Characteristics 740
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25.7 RTP 744
RTP Packet Format 745
UDP Port 746
25.8 RTCP 746
Sender Report 746
Receiver Report 747
Source Description Message 747
Bye Message 747
Application-Specific Message 747
UDP Port 747
25.9 VOICE OVER IP 748
SIP 748
H.323 750
25.10 QUALITY OF SERVICE 752
Flow Characteristics 752
Flow Classes 753
Techniques to Improve QoS 753
Resource Reservation 757
Admission Control 758
25.11 INTEGRATED SERVICES 758
Signaling 758
Flow Specification 758
Admission 759
Service Classes 759
RSVP 759
Problems with Integrated Services 762
25.12 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 762
DS Field 762
25.13 RECOMMENDED READING 764
Books 764
RFCs 764
25.14 KEY TERMS 764
25.15 SUMMARY 765
25.16 PRACTICE SET 766
Exercises 766
Part 5 Next Generation 767
Chapter 26 IPv6 Addressing 768
26.1 INTRODUCTION 769
Notations 769
Address Space 772
Three Address Types 772
Broadcasting and Multicasting 773
26.2 ADDRESS SPACE ALLOCATION 773
Assigned and Reserved Blocks 775
26.3 GLOBAL UNICAST ADDRESSES 778
Three Levels of Hierarchy 779
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26.4 AUTOCONFIGURATION 781
26.5 RENUMBERING 782
26.6 FURTHER READING 782
Books 782
RFCs 782
26.7 KEY TERMS 783
26.8 SUMMARY 783
26.9 PRACTICE SET 783
Exercises 783
Chapter 27 IPv6 Protocol 786
27.1 INTRODUCTION 787
Rationale for Change 787
Reason for Delay in Adoption 787
27.2 PACKET FORMAT 788
Base Header 788
Flow Label 789
Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 Headers 790
Extension Headers 790
Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 795
27.3 TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6 796
Dual Stack 796
Tunneling 797
Header Translation 797
27.4 FURTHER READING 798
Books 798
RFCs 798
27.5 KEY TERMS 798
27.6 SUMMARY 799
27.7 PRACTICE SET 799
Exercises 799
Research Activity 799
Chapter 28 ICMPv6 800
28.1 INTRODUCTION 801
28.2 ERROR MESSAGES 802
Destination-Unreachable Message 802
Packet-Too-Big Message 803
Time-Exceeded Message 803
Parameter-Problem Message 804
28.3 INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES 804
Echo-Request Message 804
Echo-Reply Message 805
28.4 NEIGHBOR-DISCOVERY MESSAGES 805
Router-Solicitation Message 805
Router-Advertisement Message 806
Neighbor-Solicitation Message 806
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Neighbor-Advertisement Message 807
Redirection Message 808
Inverse-Neighbor-Solicitation Message 808
Inverse-Neighbor-Advertisement Message 808
28.5 GROUP MEMBERSHIP MESSAGES 809
Membership-Query Message 809
Membership-Report Message 810
Functionality 810
28.6 FURTHER READING 812
Books 812
RFCs 812
28.7 KEY TERMS 812
28.8 SUMMARY 812
28.9 PRACTICE SET 813
Exercises 813
Research Activities 813
Part 6 Security 815
Chapter 29 Cryptography and Network Security 816
29.1 INTRODUCTION 817
Security Goals 817
Attacks 818
Services 819
Techniques 819
29.2 TRADITIONAL CIPHERS 820
Key 821
Substitution Ciphers 821
Transposition Ciphers 824
Stream and Block Ciphers 825
29.3 MODERN CIPHERS 826
Modern Block Ciphers 826
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 828
Modern Stream Ciphers 830
29.4 ASYMMETRIC-KEY CIPHERS 831
Keys 832
General Idea 832
RSA Cryptosystem 834
Applications 836
29.5 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 836
Message and Message Digest 836
Hash Functions 837
29.6 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 838
HMAC 838
29.7 DIGITAL SIGNATURE 839
Comparison 839
Process 840
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CONTENTS xxix
Signing the Digest 841
Services 842
RSA Digital Signature Scheme 843
Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 844
29.8 ENTITY AUTHENTICATION 844
Entity versus Message Authentication 844
Verification Categories 845
Passwords 845
Challenge-Response 845
29.9 KEY MANAGEMENT 847
Symmetric-Key Distribution 847
Symmetric-Key Agreement 850
Public-Key Distribution 851
29.10 FURTHER READING 853
29.11 KEY TERMS 853
29.12 SUMMARY 854
29.13 PRACTICE SET 855
Exercises 855
Research Activities 856
Chapter 30 Internet Security 858
30.1 NETWORK LAYER SECURITY 859
Two Modes 859
Two Security Protocols 861
Services Provided by IPSec 864
Security Association 865
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 868
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 868
30.2 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 869
SSL Architecture 869
Four Protocols 872
30.3 APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY 875
E-mail Security 875
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 876
Key Rings 878
PGP Certificates 878
S/MIME 881
Applications of S/MIME 885
30.4 FIREWALLS 885
Packet-Filter Firewall 885
Proxy Firewall 886
30.5 RECOMMENDED READING 887
30.6 KEY TERMS 887
30.7 SUMMARY 888
30.8 PRACTICE SET 888
Exercises 888
Research Activities 889
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xxx CONTENTS
Part 7 Appendices 891
Appendix A Unicode 892
Appendix B Positional Numbering Systems 896
Appendix C Error Detection Codes 904
Appendix D Checksum 914
Appendix E HTML, XHTML, XML, and XSL 920
Appendix F Client-Server Programming in Java 926
Appendix G Miscellaneous Information 932
Glossary 935
References 955
Index 957
