TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Machinery Principles 1 1.1 Electrical Machines, Transformers, and Daily Life 1 1.2 A Note on Units and Notation 2 1.3 Rotational Motion, Newton’s Law, and Power Relationships 3 1.4 The Magnetic Field 7 1.5 Faraday’s Law―Induced Voltage from a Time-Changing Magnetic Field 22 1.6 Production of Induced Force on a Wire 25 1.7 Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field 26 1.8 The Linear DC Machine―A Simple Example 27 1.9 Real, Reactive, and Apparent Power in Single-phase AC Circuits 36 1.10 Summary 41 Questions 42 Problems 42 References 49 Chapter 2 Transformers 50 2.1 Why Transformers are Important to Modern Life 51 2.2 Types and Construction of Transformers 52 2.3 The Ideal Transformer 53 2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers 59 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 67 2.6 The Per-Unit System of Measurements 74 2.7 Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 79 2.8 Transformer Taps and Voltage Regulation 86 2.9 The Autotransformer 87 2.10 Three-Phase Transformers 92 2.11 Three-Phase Transformation Using Two Transformers 100 2.12 Transformer Ratings and Related Problems 107 2.13 Instrument Transformers 113 2.14 Summary 114 Questions 115 Problems 116 References 122 Chapter 3 Ac Machinery Fundamentals 123 3.1 A Simple Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field 124 3.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 129 3.3 Magnetomotive Force and Flux Distribution on AC Machines 136 3.4 Induced Voltage in AC Machines 138 3.5 Induced Torque in an AC Machine 143 3.6 Winding Insulation in an AC Machine 145 3.7 AC Machine Power Flows and Losses 146 3.8 Voltage Regulation and Speed Regulation 148 3.9 Summary 149 Questions 150 Problems 150 References 151 Chapter 4 Synchronous Generators 152 4.1 Synchronous Generator Construction 153 4.2 The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator 157 4.3 The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator 157 4.4 The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator 158 4.5 The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator 162 4.6 Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators 163 4.7 Measuring Synchronous Generator Model Parameters 166 4.8 The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone 170 4.9 Parallel Operation of AC Generators 179 4.10 Synchronous Generator Transients 193 4.11 Synchronous Generator Ratings 199 4.12 Summary 207 Questions 207 Problems 208 References 215 Chapter 5 Synchronous Motors 216 5.1 Basic Principles of Motor Operation 216 5.2 Steady-State Synchronous Motor Operation 220 5.3 Starting Synchronous Motors 231 5.4 Synchronous Generators and Synchronous Motors 237 5.5 Synchronous Motor Ratings 238 5.6 Summary 238 Questions 239 Problems 240 References 245 Chapter 6 Induction Motors 246 6.1 Induction Motor Construction 247 6.2 Basic Induction Motor Concepts 249 6.3 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor 253 6.4 Power and Torque in Induction MotorS 258 6.5 Induction Motor Torque？Speed Characteristics 264 6.6 Variations in Induction Motor Torque？speed Characteristics 278 6.7 Trends in Induction Motor Design 285 6.8 Starting Induction Motors 288 6.9 Speed Control of Induction Motors 293 6.10 Solid-State Induction Motor Drives 300 6.11 Determining Circuit Model Parameters 306 6.12 The Induction Generator 313 6.13 induction motor ratings 318 6.14 Summary 319 Questions 320 Problems 321 References 326 Chapter 7 Dc Machinery Fundamentals 328 7.1 A Simple Rotating Loop between Curved Pole Faces 328 7.2 Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine 338 7.3 Commutation and Armature Construction in Real DC Machines 342 7.4 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines 351 7.5 The Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque Equations of Real DC Machines 361 7.6 The Construction of DC Machines 364 7.7 Power Flow and Losses in DC Machines 369 7.8 Summary 371 Questions 372 Problems 372 References 376 Chapter 8 Dc Motors And Generators 377 8.1 Introduction to DC Motors 378 8.2 The Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor 379 8.3 The Magnetization Curve of a DC Machine 380 8.4 Separately Excited and Shunt DC Motors 381 8.5 The Permanent-Magnet DC Motor 399 8.6 The Series DC Motor 401 8.7 The Compounded DC Motor 406 8.8 DC Motor Starters 410 8.9 The Ward-Leonard System and Solid-State Speed Controllers 418 8.10 DC Motor Efficiency Calculations 425 8.11 Introduction to DC Generators 427 8.12 The Separately Excited Generator 428 8.13 The Shunt DC Generator 434 8.14 The Series DC Generator 438 8.15 The Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator 439 8.16 The Differentially Compounded DC Generator 444 8.17 Summary 446 Questions 447 Problems 447 References 457 Chapter 9 Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors 458 9.1 The Universal Motor 459 9.2 Introduction to Single-Phase Induction Motors 461 9.3 Starting Single-Phase Induction Motors 468 9.4 Speed Control of Single-Phase Induction Motors 475 9.5 The Circuit Model of a Single-Phase Induction Motor 476 9.6 Other Types of Motors 482 9.7 Summary 492 Questions 493 Problems 494 References 495 Chapter A Three-Phase Circuits 496 A.1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents 496 A.2 Voltages and Currents in a Three-Phase Circuit 499 A.3 Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits 502 A.4 Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Systems 505 A.5 One-Line Diagrams 511 A.6 Using the Power Triangle 511 Questions 514 Problems 514 Reference 516 Chapter B Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings 517 B.1 The Effect of Coil Pitch on AC Machines 517 B.2 Distributed Windings in AC Machines 525 B.3 Summary 532 Questions 533 Problems 533 References 534 Chapter C Salient-Pole Theory of Synchronous Machines 535 C.1 Development of the Equivalent Circuit of a Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator 536 C.2 Torque and Power Equations of a Salient-Pole Machines 540 Problems 542 Chapter D Tables of Constants and Conversion Factors 543
