List of Contributors 1 A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979- 2000, 65S - 65N 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Method 1.3 Results 1.3.1 Satellite-Derived UV Climatologies 1.3.2 Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements 1.3.3 Discussion of Uncertanties 1.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
2 Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Ultraviolet Radiation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Long Term Changes in UVEry 2.3 Geographical Variability in UVEry 2.4 Peak UV 2.4.1 Peak UV Index 2.4.2 Peak UV Daily Dose 2.5 Comparing Weighting Functions for Erythema and Vitamin D 2.6 Seasonal and Diurnal Variation of UVE~y and UVvitD 2.7 Global Climatologies of UVE~y and UVvitD 2.8 Relationship Between UVvitD and UVEry 2.9 Production of Vitamin D from Sunlight 2.10 Calculation of Optimal Times for Exposure to Sunlight 2.11 An Inconsistency 2.12 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
3 Climatology of Ultraviolet Radiation at High Latitudes Derived from Measurements of the National Science Foundation's Ultraviolet Spec-tral Irradiance Monitoring Network 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data Analysis 3.2.1 Data 3.2.2 Establishment of Climatologies 3.2.3 Estimates of Historical UV Indices 3.3 UV Index Climatology 3.3.1 South Pole 3.3.2 McMurdo Station 3.3.3 Palmer Station 3.3.4 Ushuaia 3.3.5 San Diego 3.3.6 Barrow 3.4 Climatology ofUV-A Irradiance 3.5 Comparison of Radiation Levels at Network Sites 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgements References
4 UV Solar Radiation in Polar Regions: Consequences for the Environment and Human Health 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Networks and Databanks 4.3 Impact of Solar UV on the Environment 4.3.1 Effect of the Environment on Solar UV 4.4 Impact of Solar UV on Human Health 4.4.1 Information and Protection Programs 4.4.2 Dosimetry, UV Modeling, and Instruments 4.5 Concluding Remarks References
5 Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Instrumentation 5.3 Detection of Long-Term Change 5.3.1 Radiation Amplification Factor 5.3.2 Different Definitions of RAF 5.3.3 Estimating UV Trends: Discussion 5.3.4 Reduction ofUV Irradiance by Clouds and Aerosols 5.3.5 Stokes Derivation of Cr=(1-R)/(1-Rc) 5.3.6 UV Absorption 5.3.7 Estimating Zonal Average UV Change 5.3.8 Estimating UV Trends: Satellites 5.3.9 Estimating UV Trends: Ground-Based 5.4 UV in the Polar Regions 5.5 Human Exposure to UV 5.6 UV Index and Units 5.7 Action Spectra and Irradiance Trends 5.8 UV Summary Appendix 5.1 Calculating RAF(0 ) Acknowledgements References
6 The Brewer Spectrophotometer 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History 6.3 The Instrument 6.3. I The Fore-Optics 6.3.2 The Spectrometer 6.3.3 The Photomultiplier Housing 6.3.4 Support Electronics 6.3.5 The Control Computer 6.4 Corrections Applied to Data 6.4.1 Dark Count 6.4.2 Dead Time 6.4.3 Stray Light 6.4.4 Temperature Response 6.4.5 Neutral Density Filters 6.4.6 Cosine Response 6.4.7 Intemal Polarization 6.5 Measurement of Total Ozone 6.5.1 Measurement Technique 6.5.2 Calibration 6.6 Measurement of Spectral UV Radiation 6.7 Measurement of Other Atmospheric Variables 6.7.1 Vertical Profile of Ozone 6.7.2 Atmospheric SO2 6.7.3 Atmospheric NOz 6.7.4 Aerosol Optical Depth 6.7.5 Effective Temperature of Atmospheric Ozone 6.8 The Brewer Spectrophotometer as a Powerful Research Tool 6.9 Summary Acknowledgements References
7 Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments 7.1 Introduction 7.2 UV Dosimetry and Minimization Strategies 7.3 Miniaturization of Polysulphone Dosimeters 7.4 Measurements on Plants 7.5 Long-Term UV Dosimeters 7.6 Vitamin D Effective UV Dosimetry 7.7 Discussion and Conclusions References
8 An Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring and Research Program for Agriculture 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Introduction to the USDA UVMRP (Purpose and History) 8.3 Monitoring Network 8.3.1 Sites and Coverage 8.3.2 Data Products Provided by UVMRP 8.4 Data Collection and Processing 8.4.1 UV-MFRSR Data Processing 8.4.2 Erythemally Weighted UV Irradiance 8.4.3 Langley Analysis 8.4.4 Data Processing for Other Measurements 8.5 Derived Products 8.5.1 Optical Depth 8.5.2 Daily Column Ozone 8.5.3 Synthetic Spectrum Data 8.6 Database Design and Website Interface 8.6.1 The Data 8.7 UVMRP's Role in UV-B Agricultural Effects Studies 8.7.1 Mississippi State University 8.7.2 Purdue University 8.7.3 Utah State University 8.7.4 University of Maryland 8.7.5 Washington State University 8.7.6 University of Illinois——Chicago 8.7.7 Highlights of Other Collaborations 8.8 Modeling of Agricultural Sustainability 8.9 Future Considerations 8.10 Summary Acknowledgements References
9 Radiative Transfer in the Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean(CASlO) System: Review of Modeling Capabilities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Radiative Transfer Modeling …… 10 Comparative Analysis of UV-B Exposure Between Nimbus 7/TOMS Satellite Estimates and Ground-Based Measurements 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methods 10.3 Results and Discussion 10.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
11 Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Interaction with Air Pollution 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Optics of the Atmosphere 11.3 Models and Measurements 11.4 Summary References
12 Urban Forest Influences on Exposure to UV Radiation and Potential Consequences for Human Health 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Effects of Solar UV on Human Health and Epidemiology 12.3 UV Climatology 12.4 Urban Structural Influences 12.5 Public Health Information 12.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
13 Solar UV-B Radiation and Global Dimming: Effects on Plant Growth and UV-Shielding 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methods 13.3 Results 13.4 Discussion 13.5 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
14 Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation and lts Interactions with Climate Change Factors on Agricultural Crop Growth and Yield 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Abiotic Stress Factors and Crop Yield 14.3 Crop Responses to UV-B and Other Climate Change Factors 14.4 Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Cultivar Screening Tools 14.5 Climate Change and Aerobiology and Public Health 14.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
15 Assessment of DNA Damage as a Tool to Measure UV-B Tolerance in Soybean Lines Differing in Foliar Flavonoid Composition 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and Methods 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References
16 Physiological Impacts of Short-Term UV Irradiance Exposures on Cultivars of Glycine Max 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Materials and Methods 16.3 Results and Discussion 16.4 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements References
17 UV-Effects on Young Seedlings of Soybean: Effects in Early Development and Long-Term Effects 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Results and Discussion 17.3 Conclusions 17.4 Methods Acknowledgements References
18 Characteristics of UV-B Radiation Tolerance in Broadleaf Trees in Southern USA 18 1 Introduction 18.2 Methodology 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index
