内容简介
希尔、麦克里里、科尔布编著的《化学：时代行进中的科学（靠前2版影印版）》适合非化学专业的学生学习化学知识。全书通过当今人们感兴趣的议题来介绍化学原理，将化学问题与日常生活紧密联系，突出化学用于解决环境污染、放射性、能源以及人类健康等问题的实际应用，使学生认识到化学在现实世界的重要性。并注重培养学生掌握科学的方法，能够以批判的眼光来学习，培养对科学的兴趣。全书内容丰富生动，语言清晰易懂。
《化学：时代行进中的科学（靠前2版影印版）》主要内容包括：化学，原子，原子结构，化学键，化学计算，气液固态与分子间力，酸和碱，氧化与还原，有机化学，高分子，核化学，地球化学，空气，水，能源，生物化学，食品，药物，化学与健康，化学与农业，日用化学品，有毒物质。
目录
Preface xiv Media Resources for Instructors xix To the Student xxii Highlights of the Twelfth Edition xxiv
1 Chemistry
1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge 2
1.2 The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare 3
1.3 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative, Predictive, and Explanatory 4
1.4 The Limitations of Science 7
1.5 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits 8
1.6 Chemistry: Its Central Role 10
1.7 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research 11
1.8 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes 13
1.9 Classification of Matter 16
1.10 The Measurement of Matter 19
1.11 Density 25
1.12 Energy: Heat and Temperature 28
1.13 Critical Thinking 32
Summary 34 . Review Questions 35 . Problems 35 .
Additional Problems 38 . Collaborative Group Projects 39
2 Atoms 41
2.1 Atoms: The Greek Idea 42
2.2 Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass 43
2.3 Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions 44
2.4 John Dalton: The Atomic Theory of Matter 46
2.5 Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table 51
2.6 Atoms and Molecules: Real and Relevant 53
Summary 56 . Review Questions 56 . Problems 57 . Additional Problems 58 . Collaborative Group Projects 59
3 Atomic Structure 61
3.1 Electricity and the Atom 62
3.2 Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity 65
3.3 Three Types of Radioactivity 66
3.4 Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom 67
3.5 The Atomic Nucleus 69
3.6 Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model 72
3.7 Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model 77
3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 80
3.9 Which Model to Choose? 84
Summary 84 . Review Questions 85 . Problems 86 . Additional Problems 86 . Collaborative Group Projects 87
4 Chemical Bonds 89
4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations 90
4.2 Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols 91
4.3 The Reaction of Sodium and Chlorine 92
4.4 Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds 94
4.5 Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds 97
4.6 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs 100
4.7 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds 102
4.8 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane 104
4.9 Polyatomic Ions 105
4.10 Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas 107
4.11 Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals 110
4.12 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory 112
4.13 Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 116
4.14 A Chemical Vocabulary 117
Summary 118 . Review Questions 119 . Problems 119 . Additional Problems 121 . Collaborative Group Projects 121
5 Chemical Accounting 123
5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equations 123
5.2 Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations 127
5.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 128
5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conversions 131
5.5 Solutions 138
Summary 143 . Review Questions 144 . Problems 144 . Additional Problems 146 . Collaborative Group Projects 147
6 Gases, Liquids, Solids,
and Intermolecular
Forces 149
6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 150
6.2 Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds 152
6.3 Forces between Molecules 154
6.4 Forces in Solutions 156
6.5 Gases: The Kinetic？Molecular Theory 158
6.6 The Simple Gas Laws 159
6.7 The Ideal Gas Law 165
Summary 167 . Review Questions 167 . Problems 168 . Additional Problems 169 . Collaborative Group Projects 169
7 Acids and Bases
7.1 Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions 172
7.2 Acids, Bases, and Salts 173
7.3 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides 179
7.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 181
7.5 Neutralization 182
7.6 The pH Scale 183
7.7 Buffers and Conjugate Acid？Base Pairs 186
7.8 Acid Rain 187
7.9 Antacids: A Basic Remedy 188
7.10 Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us 189
Summary 191 . Review Questions 191 . Problems 191 . Additional Problems 193 . Collaborative Group Projects 193
8 Oxidation and Reduction 195
8.1 Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views 196
8.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 200
8.3 Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries 201
8.4 Corrosion 206
8.5 Explosive Reactions 207
8.6 Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent 208
8.7 Other Common Oxidizing Agents 210
8.8 Some Reducing Agents of Interest 212
8.9 A Closer Look at Hydrogen 214
8.10 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things 216
Summary 218 . Review Questions 218 . Problems 219 . Additional Problems 220 . Collaborative Group Projects 221
9 Organic Chemistry 223
9.1 The Unique Carbon Atom 224
9.2 Alkanes 224
9.3 Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things 229
9.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes 231
9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene and Relatives 233
9.6 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards 234
9.7 The Functional Group 236
9.8 The Alcohol Family 238
9.9 Phenols 241
9.10 Ethers 241
9.11 Aldehydes and Ketones 243
9.12 Carboxylic Acids 246
9.13 Esters: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR’ 248
9.14 Amines and Amides 251
9.15 Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Others 254
Summary 255 . Review Questions 256 . Problems 256 . Additional Problems 258 . Collaborative Group Projects 259
10 Polymers 261
10.1 Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones 261
10.2 Natural Polymers 262
10.3 Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Collars 262
10.4 Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags 263
10.5 Addition Polymerization: One . One . One . á GIVES ONE 266
10.6 Rubber and Other Elastomers 271
10.7 Condensation Polymers: Splitting Out Water 273
10.8 Properties of Polymers 278
10.9 Disposal of Plastics 280
10.10 Plastics and Fire Hazards 281
10.11 Plasticizers and Pollution 281
10.12 Plastics and the Future 282
Summary 285 . Review Questions 286 . Problems 286 . Additional Problems 287 . Collaborative Group Projects 289
11 Nuclear Chemistry 291
11.1 Natural Radioactivity 292
11.2 Nuclear Equations 294
11.3 Half-Life 298
11.4 Radioisotopic Dating 300
11.5 Artificial Transmutation 302
11.6 Uses of Radioisotopes 304
11.7 Penetrating Power of Radiation 308
11.8 Energy from the Nucleus 309
11.9 The Building of the Bomb 313
11.10 Radioactive Fallout 315
11.11 Nuclear Power Plants 316
11.12 Thermonuclear Reactions 318
11.13 The Nuclear Age 319
Summary 320 . Review Questions 321 . Problems 321 . Additional Problems 322 . Collaborative Group Projects 323
12 Chemistry of Earth
12.1 Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest 325
12.2 The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic 327
12.3 Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks 327
12.4 Silicates and the Shapes of Things 328
12.5 Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement 330
12.6 Metals and Ores 332
12.7 Earth’s Dwindling Resources 337
Summary 340 . Review Questions 341 . Problems 341 . Additional Problems 342 . Collaborative Group Projects 343
13 Air 345
13.1 Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition 345
13.2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere 347
13.3 Pollution through the Ages 350
13.4 Coal + Fire : Industrial Smog 352
13.5 Automobile Emissions 355
13.6 Photochemical Smog: Making Haze while the Sun Shines 358
13.7 Acid Rain: Air Pollution : Water Pollution 361
13.8 The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution 362
13.9 Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword 366
13.10 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 369
13.11 Who Pollutes? Who Pays? 373
Summary 376 . Review Questions 377 . Problems 377 . Additional Problems 378 . Collaborative Group Projects 379
14 Water
14.1 Water: Some Unique Properties 382
14.2 Water in Nature 384
14.3 Chemical and Biological Contamination 387
14.4 Industrial Water Use 389
14.5 Groundwater Contamination : Tainted Tap Water 392
14.6 Making Water Fit to Drink 394
14.7 Wastewater Treatment 399
14.8 The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water 401
14.9 Water Pollution and the Future 401
Summary 403 . Review Questions 403 . Problems 404 . Additional Problems 405 . Collaborative Group Projects 405
15 Energy 407
15.1 Sunlight Floods Earth with Energy 408
15.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 411
15.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 414
15.4 People Power: Early Uses of Energy 417
15.5 Reserves and Consumption Rates of Fossil Fuels 418
15.6 Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages 419
15.7 Natural Gas: Mostly Methane 422
15.8 Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbons 422
15.9 Convenient Energy: Electricity 428
15.10 Nuclear Fission 430
15.11 Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle 435
15.12 Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy 436
15.13 Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel 438
15.14 Hydrogen: Light and Powerful 441
15.15 Other Renewable Energy Sources 443
15.16 Energy: How Much Is Too Much? 445
Summary 447 . Review Questions 448 . Problems 448 . Additional Problems 450 . Collaborative Group Projects 451
16 Biochemistry 453
16.1 The Living Cell 453
16.2 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy 455
16.3 Fats and Other Lipids 459
16.4 Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids 462
16.5 The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Proteins 465
16.6 Structure of Proteins 467
16.7 Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines 471
16.8 Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure 474
16.9 DNA: Self-Replication 477
16.10 RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code 479
16.11 The Human Genome 481
Summary 485 . Review Questions 486 . Problems 486 . Additional Problems 488 . Collaborative Group Projects 489
17 Food 491
17.1 Carbohydrates in the Diet 492
17.2 Fats and Cholesterol 494
17.3 Proteins: Muscle and Much More 499
17.4 Minerals: Inorganic Chemicals and Life 501
17.5 The Vitamins: Vital, but Not All Are Amines 503
17.6 Other Essentials: Fiber and Water 505
17.7 Starvation and Fasting 506
17.8 Additives to Enhance Nutrition and Taste 508
17.9 Additives to Retard Spoilage 513
17.10 Color Additives 515
17.11 Poisons in Our Food 517
17.12 A World without Food Additives 521
Summary 522 . Review Questions 523 . Problems 523 . Additional Problems 524 . Collaborative Group Projects 525
18 Drugs
18.1 Scientific Drug Design 528
18.2 Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 529
18.3 Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold 532
18.4 Antibacterial Drugs 534
18.5 Viruses and Antiviral Drugs 538
18.6 Chemicals against Cancer 541
18.7 Hormones: The Regulators 544
18.8 Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill 549
18.9 Drugs for the Heart 552
18.10 Drugs and the Mind 554
18.11 Some Chemistry of the Nervous System 554
18.12 Brain Amines: Depression and Mania 556
18.13 Anesthetics 559
18.14 Depressant Drugs 562
18.15 Narcotics 565
18.16 Antianxiety Agents 569
18.17 Stimulant Drugs 571
18.18 Hallucinogenic Drugs 573
18.19 Drug Problems 576
Summary 577 . Review Questions 579 . Problems 579 . Additional Problems 579 . Collaborative Group Projects 581
19 Fitness and Health
19.1 Calories: Quantity and Quality 583
19.2 Vitamins and Minerals 586
19.3 Body Fluids and Electrolytes 589
19.4 Weight-Loss Diets 591
19.5 Exercise for Weight Loss 593
19.6 Measuring Fitness 596
19.7 Some Chemistry of Muscles 598
19.8 Drugs and the Athlete 601
19.9 Exercise and the Brain 603
19.10 No Smoking 604
Summary 607 . Review Questions 607 . Problems 608 . Additional Problems 609 . Collaborative Group Projects 609
20 Chemistry Down on the Farm . . .
20.1 Farming with Chemicals: Fertilizers 612
20.2 The War against Pests 618
20.3 Biological Insect Controls 624
20.4 Herbicides and Defoliants 628
20.5 Sustainable Agriculture 630
20.6 Some Malthusian Mathematics 632
20.7 Can We Feed a Hungry World? 634
Summary 635 . Review Questions 635 . Problems 635 . Additional Problems 636 . Collaborative Group Projects 637
21 Household Chemicals 639
21.1 A History of Cleaning 640
21.2 Fat + Lye : Soap 641
21.3 Synthetic Detergents 645
21.4 Laundry Detergent Formulations 647
21.5 Dishwashing Detergents 651
21.6 Fabric Softeners 651
21.7 Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites 652
21.8 All-Purpose Cleaning Products 653
21.9 Special-Purpose Cleaners 654
21.10 Solvents, Paints, and Waxes 658
21.11 Cosmetics: Personal Care Chemicals 659
21.12 Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor 665
21.13 Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftershaves 666
21.14 Some Hairy Chemistry 669
21.15 The Well-Informed Consumer 673
Summary 674 . Review Questions 675 . Problems 675 . Additional Problems 676 . Collaborative Group Projects 677
22 Poisons 679
22.1 Natural Poisons 680
22.2 Corrosive Poisons: A Closer Look 682
22.3 Metabolic Poisons 683
22.4 Heavy Metal Poisons 684
22.5 More Chemistry of the Nervous System 688
22.6 The Lethal Dose 690
22.7 The Liver as a Detox Facility 692
22.8 Chemical Carcinogens: Slow Poisons 693
22.9 Three Ways to Test for Carcinogens 697
22.10 Birth Defects: Teratogens 698
22.11 Hazardous Wastes 699
22.12 What Price Poisons? 701
Summary 702 . Review Questions 703 . Problems 703 . Additional Problems 704 . Collaborative Group Projects 705
Appendix: Review of Measurement and Mathematics A-1
Glossary A-18
Answers A-25
Photo Credits PC-1
Index I-1
