普通语言学基础

《普通语言学基础》：21世纪英语专业系列教材。

《普通语言学基础》主要是为英语专业本科高年级“普通语言学导论”课程编写的。为了更适合该课程教学中的特点和学生的实际水平，《普通语言学基础》要点突出，文字简洁，在内容、篇幅、举例等方面都具有鲜明的特点。《普通语言学基础》为本科生普通语言学课程提供了新的可选择的教材，同时由于其较强的可读性，也接近可以作为一本普通语言学的普及读物，为那些喜欢语言学知识或初学语言学的一般读者使用。

马壮寰，北京第二外国语学院英语学院教授，硕士生导师，英语学术带头人，长期担任普通语言学等课程的教学工作，并从事或涉猎普通语言学、语言符号学、应用语言学及英语演讲等研究。曾于《当代语言学》等学术刊物发表过若干学术论文，著有《索绪尔语言理论要点评析》、《语言研究论稿》、《演讲英语》、《功能英语》等。多次获得学院科研一等奖，并荣获北京第二外国语学院很好导师、教学名师等称号。2004年被评为北京市很好教师。现担任“普通语言学导论”北京市级精品课程建设项目。

Chapter1AnOverviewofLanguageandLinguistics
1.1WhatIsGeneralLinguistics？
1.1.1DefiningLinguistics
1.1.2PrinciplesofLinguisticScience
1.1.3ANaturalScienceoraSocialScience？
1.1.4WhatIsMeantby"General"？
1.1.5SomeBasicDistinctionsinLinguistics
1.1.6WhatIstheUseofLinguistics？
1.2WhatIsLanguage？
1.2.1DefiningLanguage
1.2.2DesignFeaturesofLanguage
1.2.3FunctionsofLanguage

Chapter2Phonetics
2.1AimofPhonetics
2.2DifferentTypesofPhonetics
2.3VocalOrgans
2.4TwoMajorTypesofSpeechSounds
2.4.1Consonants
2.4.2Vowels
2.4.3CardinalVowelSystem

Chapter3Phonology
3.1AimofPhonology
3.2PhonemesandAllophones
3.3MinimalPair
3.4ThreeCriteriaforGroupingPhonesintoPhonemes
3.4.1FreeVariation
3.4.2ComplementaryDistribution
3.4.3PhoneticSimilarity
3.5DistinctiveFeaturesandNaturalClasses
3.6PhonologicalProcesses
3.6.1Co-articulationEffects
3.6.2Elision
3.6.3Assimilation
3.7PhonologicalRulesofEnglish
3.7.1Nasalization
3.7.2NasalAssimilation
3.7.3AspirationRule
3.7.4RuleOrdering
3.8SyllableandStress

Chapter4Morphology
4.1AimofMorphology
4.2WordandMorpheme
4.2.1WhatIsaWord？
4.2.2ClassificationsofWords
4.2.3WhatIsaMorpheme？
4.3MorphemeandAllomorph
4.3.1PhoneticallyConditionedAllomorphs
4.3.2LexicallyorGrammaticallyConditionedAllomorphs
4.4RelationbetweenMorphemeandPhoneme
4.5WordFormation
4.5.1Compound
4.5.2Derivation

Chapter5Syntax
5.1WhatIsSyntax？
5.2TheTraditionalGrammar
5.2.1TheHistoryoftheTraditionalGrammar
5.2.2SyntacticElementsandTheirDefiningProperties
5.2.3SyntacticRelationsBetweenWords
5.2.4TheWaysWordsareOrganizedIntoSentences
5.3TheStructuralGrammar
5.3.1SaussureandHisLinguisticTheory
5.3;2AmericanStructuralistLinguistics
5.4TheGenerativeLinguistics
5.4.1ChomskyandGenerativeLinguistics:What"Generative"Means
5.4.2FiveStagesofGenerativeLinguistics
5.4.3TheClassicalTheory（1957——1965）
5.4.4TheStandardTheory（1965——1972）
5.4.5TheExtendedStandardTheoryModel（1972——1981）
5.4.6TheGovernmentandBindingTheoryModel（i981——1993）
5.4.7TheMinimalistProgramModel（1993——）

Chapter6Semantics
6.1AnOverviewofSemantics
6.1.1AimofSemantics
6.1.2SemanticsatDifferentLevels
6.1.3DifficultyofSemantics
6.2SomeSemanticTheories
6.2.1ReferentialTheory
6.2.2MentalistTheory
6.2.3"Use"Theory
6.3ClassificationofMeaning
6.3.1SevenTypesofMeaningProposedbyLeech
6.3.2Sense,Reference,andDenotation
6.4SenseRelations
6.4.1Synonymy
6.4.2Antonymy
6.4.3Hyponymy
6.5SimpleLogicandSemantics
6.5.1SimplifiedFormofPredicateCalculi
6.5.2SimplePropositionalLogic
6.6Ambiguity

Chapter7Pragmaties
7.1DefiningPragmatics
7.2Pragmatics.PastandPresent
7.2.1FocusonChange:ThreeStagesofDevelopment
7.2.2TasksinHand:TwoComponentsofPragmatics
7.3CriticalConceptsandTheoriesinPragmatics
7.3.1BetweenSemanticsandPragmatics
7.3.2BeyondSemantics
7.4PragmaticsinDevelopment
7.4.1RelevanceTheory
7.4.2Horn'sBipartiteSystemandLevinson'sTripartiteSystem

Chapter8LanguageandSociety
8.1TheRelatednessbetweenLanguageandSociety
8.1.1PossibleRelationsbetweenLanguageandSociety
8.1.2Socioliuguistics
8.2Variable,VariantandVariation
8.3RegionalDialectandItsSemanticExtension
8.4LanguageUseandSocialFactors
8.4.1Sociolect
8.4.2Genderleet
8.4.3Agelect
8.4.4EthnicDialect
8.5LanguageChange
8.5.1LanguageChangeinProgress
8.5.2FormsofLanguageChange

Chapter9Language,CultureandThought
9.1TheRelationsbetweenLanguage,CultureandThought~
9.1.1LanguageandCulture
9.1.2LanguageandThought
9.1.3Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
9.2SomeCulturalItems
9.2.1PolitenessandCross-culturalCommunication
9.2.2Greetings
9.2.3TabooandEuphemism
9.2.4AddressTerms

Chapter10LanguageAcquisition
10.1FirstLanguageAcquisition
10.1.1ThreeViewsonFirstLanguageAcquisition
10.1.2CharacteristicsofFirstLanguageAcquisition
10.1.3StagesofFirstLanguageAcquisition
10.2SecondLanguageLearning
10.2.1FirstLanguageAcquisitionversusSecondLanguageLearning
10.2.2ContrastsbetweenFirstLanguageAcquisitionandSecondLanguageLearning
10.2.3StagesofSecondLanguageLearning
Appendix
Index