Part I Guide to the SAT Multiple-choice Section Chapter I Introduction to SAT Grammar 3 I. Basic Information 4 II. Tips for Answering Multiple-choice Questions 6 III. Educated Guessing 7 IV. Planning Your Time 7 V. Practice Makes Perfect 8 Chapter II Analysis of the Question Types 9 I. Identifying Sentence Errors 9 Approaches to Identifying Sentence Errors 10 Trim the Fat 11 Don't Give Up 12 II. Improving Sentences 12 III. Improving Paragraphs 16 Essay First 17 Questions First 17 Answers and Explanations 20 IV. Test Yourself 20 Part A: Improving Sentences 20 Part B: Identifying Sentence Errors 28 Part C: Improving Paragraphs 31 V. Answers and Explanations 34 Part A: Improving Sentences 34 Part B: Identifying Errors 37 Part C: Improving Paragraphs 38
Part II Grammar Concepts Tested on SAT Chapter III Verbs 43 I. Basic Elements of a Verb 43 II. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 48 III. Subjunctive Mood in the Noun Clause 49 IV. Exercise 50 Warm-up Practice 50 Identifying Sentence Errors 52 Improving Sentences 54 V. Answers 57 Warm-up Practice 57 Identifying Sentence Errors 58 Improving Sentences 59 Chapter IV Subject-Verb Agreement 63 I. What are Subjects and Verbs 63 II. What is Subject-verb Agreement 64 III. Exercise 68 Warm-up Practice 68 Identifying Sentence Errors 70 Improving Sentences 72 IV. Answers and Explanations 75 Warm-up Practice 75 Identifying Sentence Errors 75 Improving Sentences 76 Chapter V Pronouns 79 I. The Usage of Pronoun 79 Pronoun in the Wrong Number 79 Pronoun in the Wrong Case 80 Vague or Ambiguous Pronoun 81 Pronoun in Comparison 81 Pronoun Used for Emphasis 82 Pronoun before a Gerund 82 Pronoun Inconsistency 82 II. Exercise 83 Warm-up Practice 83 Identifying Sentence Errors 84 Improving Sentences 86 III. Answers and Explanations 89 Warm-up Practice 89 Identifying Sentence Errors 89 Improving sentences 90 Chapter VI Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 93 I. What is a Modifier 93 II. What is a Participial Phrase 94 III. Other Frequently Tested Modifiers 95 IV. Exercise 96 Warm-up Practice 96 Identifying Sentence Errors 97 Improving Sentences 98 V. Answers and Explanations 101 Warm-up Practice 101 Identifying Sentence Errors 102 Improving Sentences 103 Chapter VII Comparison and Parallelism 105 I. Comparison 105 Logical Comparisons 105 Grammatical Comparisons 106 II. Parallelism 109 Parallelism in Listing 109 Parallelism with Connective Words 110 III. Exercise 110 Warm-up Practice 110 Identifying Sentence Errors 111 Improving Sentences 112 IV. Answers and Explanations 115 Warm-up Practice 115 Identifying Sentence Errors 116 Improving Sentences 117 Chapter VIII Subordination and Coordination 119 I. Subordination 119 II. Coordination 120 III. Comma and Semicolon 121 Correct Usage of the Comma (,) 121 Correct Usage of the Semicolon (;) 121 IV. Exercise 122 Warm-up Practice 122 Identifying Sentence Errors 123 Improving Sentences 124 V. Answers and Explanations 127 Warm-up Practice 127 Identifying Sentence Errors 128 Improving Sentences 129 Chapter IX Incomplete Sentence and Run-on Sentence 131 I. Incomplete Sentence 131 Sentence Fragment 132 One More Way to Find a Sentence Fragment 133 II. Run-on Sentence 135 III. Exercise 137 Identifying Sentence Errors 137 Improving Sentences 139 IV. Answers and Explanations 142 Identifying Sentence Errors 142 Improving Sentences 143 Chapter X Other Minor Error Types 145 I. Preposition 145 II. Adjectives and Adverbs 149 III. Diction 150 IV. Idiomatic Expressions 151 V. Exercise 151 Warm-up Practice 151 Identifying Sentence Errors 152 VI. Answers and Explanations 154 Warm-up Practice 154 Identifying Sentence Errors 155 Chapter XI Improving Paragraphs 157 I. Questions Types 157 II. How to Revise the Sentence in a Context 159 Comma and Conjunction 159 Use the Answers 160 Excessive Wordiness 161 III. Exercise 162 IV. Answers and Explanations 166 Chapter XII Practice Test on Grammar 169 I. Exercise 169 Improving Sentences 169 Identifying Sentence Errors 172 Improving Paragraphs 174 II. Answers and Explanations 176 Improving Sentences 176 Identifying Sentence Errors 179 Improving Paragraphs 181 Reference 183
摘要
1） What causes a normal human cell to mutate and become a threat to its body？ （2）Scientists found a connection over two hundred years ago. （3） A major culprit, theydiscovered, is environmental agents~hemicals in the air you breathe, the food theyeat, and the water we drink. （4） Today, the World Health Organization estimates that60 to 90 percent of all cancers are associated with environmental pollutants.（5） Carcinogens are those cancer-producing agents. （6） They are predominantlyhydrocarbons. （7） Such cancer-producing agents are found in cigarettes. （8） Scientificstatistics disclosed by the Surgeon General of the United Sates support a strong linkbetween smoking and lung cancer. （9） Of all lung-cancer patients, 90 percent aresmokers.（10） Another environmental carcinogen is radiation. （11） The ultra-violet rays of thesun can cause genetic mutations in the cells of the skin. （12） Such mutations can leadto cancer. （13） In fact, extensive exposure to the sun makes skin cancer a commontype of malignancy for light-skinned people.（14） Emissions, from radioactive materials, can trigger wild growth of cancerous cells.（15） The tragic cases of deadly cancers after the Chernobyl reactor accident illustratethis danger. （16） Certainly survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have extremely raisedcancer rates.
