Chapter 1 Coming to Grips with Discourse Analysis1
1.1 Introduction1
1.1.1 Formalism and functionalism2
1.1.2 Anything beyond the sentence5
1.1.3 Discourse:language use6
1.1.4 Discourse:utterances7
1.2 Discourse analysis7
1.2.1 Introduction7
1.2.2 Discourse8
1.2.3 Analysis9
1.3 Terms issue10
1.4 The significance of discourse analysis11
1.4.1 Limitations of sentence grammar11
1.4.2 Understanding the nature of language12
1.4.3 Understanding discourse itself12
1.4.4 Two levels of achievement in discourse analysis12
1.4.5 Summary:some uses of discourse analysis13
1.5 The scope of discourse analysis15
1.6 Principles of discourse analysis15
1.6.1 Introduction and classification15
1.6.2 Principles of discourse analysis：language as social interaction18
1.6.3 Text-linguistic perspectives on discourse21
1.7 Approaches to discourse analysis26
1.7.1 Mchoul26
1.7.2 Schiffrin27
1.8 Research methods in discourse analysis33
1.8.1 Research design (A sample)33
1.8.2 Nature of data34
1.8.3 Sources of discourse data34
1.9 Resources for doing discourse analysis36
1.9.1 Online resources36
1.9.2 Major journals publishing discourse research36
Chapter 2 A Historical Overview of Discourse Analysis37
2.1 Historical background37
2.1.1 Plato ＆Aristotle37
2.1.2 The ancient distinction between grammar (grammatical) and rhetoric (rhetorical)39
2.1.3 The emergence of historical and comparative linguistics at the beginning of the 19th century40
2.1.4 The birth of structural linguistics at the beginning of the 20th century42
2.2 The origins of modern discourse analysis46
2.2.1 Europe46
2.2.2 America49
2.3 The emergence of discourse analysis as a new discipline50
2.3.1 Sociolinguistics50
2.3.2 Philosophy of language or pragmatics51
2.3.3 Text grammar52
2.3.4 Artificial intelligence53
2.3.5 Sociology:American ethnomethodologists54
2.4 The interdisciplinary study of discourse55
2.5 The 1990s55
2.5.1 Shift from structural to functional analysis55
2.5.2 From descriptive to critical analysis57
2.6 Discourse analysis:the state of the art58
Chapter 3 Standards of Textuality59
3.1 Texture,textuality,text-ness59
3.2 Cohesion61
3.2.1 Reusing patterns62
3.2.2 Compacting patterns64
3.2.3 Signalling Relations65
3.3 Coherence66
3.3.1 Concept67
3.3.2 Relation68
3.4 Intentionality69
3.4.1 Speech act70
3.4.2 The Cooperative Principle71
3.4.3 Interactive problem-solving72
3.5 Acceptability73
3.6 Informativity75
3.7 Situationality76
3.8 Intertextuality77
Chapter 4 Cohesion81
4.1 Introduction81
4.1.1 Text and texture81
4.1.2 Cohesion and cohesive tie81
4.2 Reference82
4.2.1 Phoricity83
4.2.2 Types of reference84
4.3 Substitution88
4.3.1 Substitution and reference88
4.3.2 Types of substitution90
4.4 Ellipsis91
4.4.1 Introduction91
4.4.2 Types of ellipsis92
4.5 Conjunction94
4.5.1 Definition of conjunction94
4.5.2 Types of conjunction95
4.6 Lexical cohesion97
4.6.1 Textual properties of lexical items97
4.6.2 Types of lexical cohesion98
4.7 Cohesive harmony101
4.7.1 Cohesive ties101
4.7.2 Cohesive chains101
4.7.3 Chain interaction103
4.7.4 Cohesive harmony103
4.8 Structural cohesion104
4.8.1 Theme-rheme development104
4.8.2 Given-new organization104
4.9 Phonological cohesion105
4.9.1 Intonation contour served as cohesive device to signal information left unsaid105
4.9.2 Phonological cohesive in literary works105
4.10 Summary of cohesive devices106
Chapter 5 Coherence107
5.1 Cohesion and Coherence107
5.1.1 Definitions of cohesion and coherence107
5.1.2 The role of cohesion with respect to coherence108
5.2 Semantic perspectives109
5.2.1 Local coherence110
5.2.2 Global coherence113
5.3 Pragmatics perspectives116
5.3.1 Discourse as sequence of illocutionary acts116
5.3.2 Rhetorical Structure Theory(RST)119
5.4 Cognitive perspectives122
5.4.1 Coherence as a mental phenomenon122
5.4.2 Schema theory and coherence124
5.4.3 Procedural approach to coherence125
5.4.4 Relevance theory126
5.5 Informational Coherence131
5.6 Summary:approaches to coherence132
Chapter 6 Discourse Structure134
6.1 Thematic structure and thematic progression134
6.1.1 Function Sentence Perspective134
6.1.2 Thematic structure135
6.1.3 Types of the theme137
6.1.4 Thematic progression (staging,thematisation)138
6.1.5 General rules of the thematization process140
6.1.6 Analysing the thematic progression of discourse141
6.2 Information structure142
6.2.1 Definition142
6.2.2 Realization of information structure in discourse143
6.2.3 Given-new strategy145
6.2.4 Topicalization and left-dislocation147
6.2.5 Topic continuity148
6.3 Conversational discourse structure150
6.3.1 Lesson150
6.3.2 Move152
6.3.3 Act153
6.4 Sample analysis155
6.5 Conversation analysis156
6.5.1 Transition relevance place:the recognizable end of a turn-construction unit159
6.5.2 Turn-taking rules160
6.5.3 Conversational structure160
6.5.4 Superstructure of written discourse166
6.5.5 Systemic-functional approach to discourse structure:Generic Structure Potential(GSP)168
6.5.6 Story-Grammar approach to discourse structure170
6.5.7 Textual pattern172
6.5.8 Combination of approaches175
Chapter 7 Critical Discourse Analysis177
7.1 Introduction177
7.2 Conceptual and theoretical frameworks179
7.3 Principles of CDA185
7.4 Research in CDA187
7.4.1 Gender inequality187
7.4.2 Media discourse188
7.4.3 Political discourse189
7.4.4 Ethnocentrism,anti-semitism,nationalism,and racism189
7.4.5 From group domination to professional and institutional power191
7.5 Methods of doing CDA191
7.5.1 What to be analysed?191
7.5.2 A three-dimensional method of discourse analysis193
7.6 CDA:From theory to Practice199
7.6.1 The grammar of transitivity199
7.6.2 The grammar of modality202
7.6.3 Transformations205
7.6.4 Classification207
7.6.5 Coherence,order and unity of discourse208
References210
