语言学基础教程（第二版）

该书包括语言与语言学、语音学与音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、语篇分析、历史语言学、文体学、社会语言学、跨文化交际、心理语言学、认知语言学、应用语言学等十四章。该书在传授基本知识与概念的同时，通过丰富的实例提供了有关语言分析和描述的基本方法，并强调语言学与其他学科的联系，以便适应创新型人才培养的需要。在修订过程中，除了修改了语言表达方面的细节问题，重点对第六章、第七章和第十三章的内容做了修订。第六章主要增加了对理论的解释，以帮助学生更好地把握语用学的理论。第七章增加了批评话语分析的内容，以反映语篇分析的发展和前沿。第十三章增加了“语法化和词汇化”一节，目的使学生了解语法化和词汇化及其背后的认知机制。为使学生巩固所学知识并进一步学习有关知识，拓展语言学学习和研究的空间，每章增加了“深入阅读”（further reading）书单。其他方面的修订就不一一介绍了，希望修订版的《语言学基础教程》能以全新的面目出现在大家的面前，更好地满足广大的语言学教师、学习者和爱好者的需要。我们真诚地期待读者的鼓励和反馈，希望《语言学基础教程》在大家的帮助下不断成长。

苗兴伟，北京师范大学外文学院教授、博士生导师，院长，教育部新世纪优秀人才，北京师范大学教学名师。主要从事功能语言学、语用学、语篇分析、文体学和应用语言学研究。兼任中国逻辑学会文体学专业委员会会长，中国高等教育学会外语教学研究分会副理事长，中国英汉语比较研究会话语研究专业委员会副会长、生态语言学专业委员会副会长、英语教学研究分会常务理事、中国逻辑学会语用学专业委员会常务理事。担任ESCI国际期刊Language, Context and Text主编和集刊《外语教育评论》主编。主持国家社科基金项目“英汉篇章语用学研究”和“英汉语篇信息组织的句法过程”以及教育部人文社会科学研究项目“英汉语篇模式对比研究”。发表学术论文90余篇，出版专著6部，教材2部，获国家级科研成果奖1次，省部级科研成果奖4次，省部级教学成果奖1次。

CONTENTS Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics 1.1What is Language 1.2The Design Features of Language 1.3The Origin of Language 1.4What is Linguistics 1.5The Scope of Linguistics 1.6A Brief History of Linguistics Chapter 2Phonetics and Phonology: The Sounds and Sound Patterns of Language 2.1Introduction 2.2Phonetics 2.3Phonology 2.4Summary Chapter 3Morphology: The Word Structure of Language 3.1Introduction 3.2The Words of Language 3.3The Structure of Words 3.4Morpheme, Morph and Allomorph 3.5Classification of Morphemes 3.6Word Formation Processes 3.7Summary Chapter 4Syntax: The Sentence Structure of Language 4.1Introduction 4.2Sentence Structure 4.3The Traditional Approach 4.4The Structural Approach 4.5The Transformationalgenerative Approach 4.6The Functional Approach 4.7Summary Chapter 5Semantics: The Meaning of Language 5.1Introduction 5.2Approaches to Meaning 5.3Sense and Reference 5.4Word Meaning 5.5Sentence Meaning 5.6Ambiguity 5.7Semantic Analysis Chapter 6Pragmatics: The Use of Language in Context 6.1Introduction 6.2Pragmatics as a New Branch of Linguistics 6.3Speech Act Theory 6.4Theory of Conversational Implicature 6.5Politeness Principle 6.6Summary Chapter 7Discourse Analysis: Language Above the Sentence 7.1Introduction 7.2What is Discourse Analysis 7.3Cohesion 7.4Coherence 7.5The Structure of Discourse 7.6Critical Discourse Analysis 7.7Conclusion Chapter 8Historical Linguistics: Language through Time 8.1Introduction 8.2When Language Changes 8.3How Language Changes 8.4Why Language Changes 8.5Summary Chapter 9Stylistics: Language and Literature 9.1Introduction 9.2Important Views on Style 9.3Stylistic Analysis Chapter 10Sociolinguistics: Language and Society 10.1Introduction 10.2The Relations Between Language and Society 10.3Speech Community and Speech Variety 10.4Dialect 10.5Register 10.6Language Contact and Contact Languages 10.7Choosing a Code Chapter 11Intercultural Communication: Language and Culture 11.1Introduction 11.2Definitions of Culture 11.3The Relationship Between Language and Culture 11.4Naming the World Through Language 11.5Communicative Patterns Across Cultures 11.6Language and Thought: SapirWhorf Hypothesis 11.7Intercultural Communication 11.8Summary Chapter 12Psycholinguistics: Language and Psychology 12.1Introduction 12.2Language and the Brain: The Biological Foundations of Language 12.3Language Comprehension 12.4Language Production 12.5Language Acquisition Chapter 13Cognitive Linguistics: Language and Cognition 13.1Introduction 13.2Categories and Categorization 13.3Conceptual Metaphors 13.4Conceptual Metonymies 13.5Image Schemas 13.6Iconicity 13.7Grammaticalization and Lexicalization Chapter 14Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning 14.1Introduction 14.2How is Language Learned? 14.3Individual Differences in Language Learning 14.4Approaches and Methods in Foreign Language Teaching 14.5Language Testing References Glossary