建筑智能测绘技术

本书根据《高等职业教育建筑工程技术专业教学基本要求》等国家标准及规范进行编写。全书分3 个模块，共6 个项目，即建筑工程测量、建筑数字测绘技术、无人机及激光扫描智能测绘3 个模块；高程测量技术、角度测量技术、数字测图基础、数字测绘外业数据与内业数据处理、无人机智能测绘原理及过程、三维激光扫描技术6 个项目。本书内容丰富，且及时跟踪最新的国家标准规范和建筑测绘行业现代化的需要。为便于信息化教学，本书配有丰富的教学资源。本书课程思政从“格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下”中国传统文化角度着眼，再结合社会主义核心价值观“富强、民主、文明、和谐、自由、平等、公正、法治、爱国、敬业、诚信、友善”，在课程内容中寻找相关的落脚点，通过案例、知识点等教学素材的设计运用，以润物细无声的方式将正确的价值观有效地传递给读者。本书适合作为高职高专建筑工程技术等专业的专业课教材，也可作为相关培训机构的培训用书，还可作为相关工程技术人员的工作参考用书。

目录 模块一  建筑工程测量 ·····················································································1 项目1  高程测量技术···································································································3 1.1  水准测量原理 ········································································································4 1.2  高程测量方法 ········································································································6 1.2.1  高差法 ········································································································6 1.2.2  仪高法 ········································································································6 1.3  水准测量仪器 ········································································································6 1.3.1  水准仪 ········································································································6 1.3.2  水准尺和尺垫 ·······························································································8 1.4  水准测量实操 ·····································································································.10 1.4.1  仪器操作与读数 ·························································································.10 1.4.2  实训任务 ··································································································.12 1.5  二等水准测量 ·····································································································.13 1.5.1  水准测量路线 ····························································································.13 1.5.2  测量技术要求 ····························································································.13 1.5.3  制订测量方案 ····························································································.14 1.6  二等水准路线实训任务 ·························································································.15 1.6.1  测量任务 ··································································································.15 1.6.2  实训指导 ··································································································.15 1.6.3  实训成果 ··································································································.16 1.6.4  评价标准与要求 ·························································································.17 思政链接 ··················································································································.18 课后思考与练习 ·········································································································.19 项目2  角度测量技术································································································.21 2.1  水平角测量原理 ··································································································.22 2.2  全站仪测水平角的操作流程 ···················································································.22 2.2.1  测回法 ·····································································································.23 2.2.2 全圆法 ·····································································································.24 2.2.3  水平测角实训任务 ······················································································.25 2.3  全站仪测竖直角的原理 ·························································································.26 2.4  控制测量知识 ·····································································································.27 2.4.1  平面控制测量 ····························································································.27 2.4.2  高程控制测量 ····························································································.28 2.5  一级导线测量 ·····································································································.28 2.5.1  一级导线测量知识 ······················································································.28 2.5.2  导线测量坐标反算 ······················································································.29 2.5.3  导线测量坐标正算 ······················································································.31 2.5.4  导线测量内业计算 ······················································································.32 思政链接 ··················································································································.34 课后思考与练习 ·········································································································.34 模块二  建筑数字测绘技术 ············································································.37 项目3  数字测图基础································································································.39 3.1  数字地图与数字测图 ····························································································.40 3.1.1  数字地图的概念 ·························································································.40 3.1.2  数字地图的优点 ·························································································.41 3.1.3  数字测图的概念 ·························································································.42 3.1.4  数字测图工作特点 ······················································································.42 3.1.5  数字测图技术的发展与展望 ··········································································.44 3.2  数字测图基本原理 ·······························································································.46 3.2.1  数字测图的基本思想 ···················································································.46 3.2.2  数字测图的基本过程 ···················································································.47 3.2.3  数字测图的作业模式 ···················································································.49 3.2.4  数字测图系统 ····························································································.51 3.3  了解GNSS 的应用 ·······························································································.53 3.3.1  GNSS-RTK 测量原理 ···················································································.53 3.3.2  GNSS-RTK 系统组成 ···················································································.54 3.3.3  南方创享测量系统GNSS-RTK 使用 ································································.55 3.3.4  网络RTK 系统 ···························································································.62 思政链接 ··················································································································.66 课后思考与练习 ·········································································································.67 项目4  数字测绘外业数据与内业数据处理································································.69 4.1  数字测绘外业数据 ·······························································································.70 4.1.1  测图前的准备工作 ······················································································.70 4.1.2  大比例尺数字测图技术设计 ··········································································.71 4.2  图根控制测量 ·····································································································.74 4.2.1  图根点布设 ·······························································································.74 4.2.2  全站仪图根控制测量 ···················································································.75 4.2.3  RTK 图根控制测量 ······················································································.76 4.2.4  图根高程控制测量 ······················································································.76 4.2.5  增补测站点 ·······························································································.76 4.3  数字测绘内业数据处理 ·························································································.77 4.3.1  内业成图的基本过程 ···················································································.77 4.3.2  数据传输 ··································································································.78 4.3.3  数据处理 ··································································································.83 4.3.4  等高线的绘制与编辑 ···················································································.85 4.3.5  数字地面模型的建立 ···················································································.85 思政链接 ··················································································································.89 课后思考与练习 ·········································································································.90 模块三  无人机及激光扫描智能测绘 ···························································.91 项目5  无人机智能测绘原理及过程···········································································.93 5.1  无人机航空摄影测量概述 ······················································································.94 5.1.1  无人机航测的优势 ······················································································.96 5.1.2  无人机航测注意事项 ···················································································.96 5.1.3  无人机航测具体用途 ···················································································.97 5.1.4  行业背景及发展 ·························································································.98 5.2  无人机航测系统构成 ····························································································.99 5.2.1  多旋翼无人机硬件系统构成 ··········································································.99 5.2.2  无人机传感系统 ·························································································101 5.2.3  地面站系统 ·······························································································103 5.2.4  航测成果类型 ····························································································103 5.3  无人机航摄作业流程 ····························································································106 5.3.1  踏勘 ········································································································106 5.3.2  像控点布设及测量 ······················································································108 5.3.3  无人机航飞 ······························································································.110 5.3.4  数据整理 ·································································································.110 5.4  南方地理信息数据成图软件SouthMap ·····································································.110 5.4.1  SouthMap 特性 ··························································································.110 5.4.2  SouthMap 工作流程 ····················································································.117 思政链接 ·················································································································.118 课后思考与练习 ········································································································.119 项目6  三维激光扫描技术·························································································121 6.1  激光雷达发展历史及其应用概述 ·············································································122 6.1.1  激光雷达技术的发展 ···················································································123 6.1.2  激光雷达技术的应用 ···················································································123 6.1.3  激光雷达的优点和缺点 ················································································128 6.2  激光扫描成果类型 ·······························································································129 6.2.1  激光点云 ··································································································129 6.2.2  数码影像 ··································································································131 6.2.3  建筑物平、立、剖面图 ················································································132 6.2.4  建筑物三维模型 ·························································································134 6.2.5  数字模型 ··································································································134 6.3  南方测绘激光扫描产品 ·························································································135 6.3.1  SPL-1500 三维激光扫描仪设备组成 ································································135 6.3.2  SPL-1500 三维激光扫描仪作业流程 ································································136 6.4  三维激光扫描数据采集 ·························································································139 思政链接 ··················································································································143 课后思考与练习 ·········································································································144 参考文献 ··································································································.145