Contents
Chapter 1Land and Land Policies1
1.1Definition and Attributes of Land2
1.1.1Land in China and Its Connection with Chinese Culture2
1.1.2Perceptions about Modern Land Systems and Ecological
Civilization4
1.2Classification and Evolution of Land in China7
1.2.1Modern Land Classification： Serving the Needs of Land Use
Efficiency and Management7
1.2.2Land Resources Classification in the New Era： Serving the
Needs of Unified Natural Resources Management and Territorial
Spatial Governance9
1.3Framework for Analyzing China’s Land Policy and Its Basic
Logic11
1.3.1China’s Land Policy Environment11
1.3.2Land Policy Elements in China12
1.3.3The Underlying Logic of China’s Land Policy Analysis13
Chapter 2Overview of China’s Land Policies21
2.1Evolution of China’s Land Policies22
2.1.1Historical Evolution of China’s Land Policy22
2.1.2Contribution of Land Policy Innovation to Economic and
Social Development34
2.2Strategic Backgrounds of China’s Land Policies since the
Reform and Opening-up36
2.2.11978-2012： Land Policy Reform with “Efficiency First，
Equity Second”36
2.2.2Since 2012： Promoting the Land Policy Exploration of
“Comprehensively Expanding In-depth Reform” in the New Era39
2.3Legislative Reform and Legal Basis of Land Policy
Implementation41
2.3.1Legal Basis System of China’s Land Policy Implementation41
2.3.2Legislative Reform Characteristics of Land Policy Implementation
in China45
Chapter 3Land Tenure Policy51
3.1Urban-rural Dualistic Land Ownership System52
3.1.1Basic Concepts of the Urban-rural Dualistic Land Ownership
System52
3.1.2The Evolution of Urban-rural Dualistic Land Ownership System55
3.1.3Basic Characteristics of the Urban-rural Dualistic Land Ownership
System56
3.2Urban Land Tenure Policy： Separation of Urban Land Tenure and
Its Formation and Reform58
3.2.1The Connotation of the Two Rights of Urban Land and
Its Formation58
3.2.2Urban Land Market and Two Rights to Land60
3.3Rural Land Tenure Policy and Its Practice of Separation of
the Three Rights of Rural Land62
3.3.1Exploring Rural Land Reform Policies in Different Development
Periods62
3.3.2The Policy of “Separation of the Three Rights” Reform of
Contracted Land66
3.3.3The Policy of “Separation of the Three Rights” of Residential
Bases68
Chapter 4Land Development Policies73
4.1Major Function Zoning System and Land Development
Control75
4.1.1Definitions of Major Function，Major Function Area，and Major
Function Zoning76
4.1.2Backgrounds of Introducing and Implementing the Major
Function Zoning System76
4.1.3Guidance Ideology of Implementing the Major Function Zoning
System78
4.1.4Classification of Major Function Areas80
4.2Urban Land Paid Use Concept and the Market-oriented Supply
Policies83
4.2.1Primary Land Market Mainly Supplied by the Government84
4.2.2Secondary Land Market Mainly Participated by Market Entities86
4.3Rural Land Contract Management System and Transfer Policies87
4.3.1Household Responsibility System88
4.3.2Encouraging Land Transfer to Adopt the New Mode of
Organization in Agriculture91
4.4Direct Supply-to-market of Rural Profit-oriented Construction
Land95
4.5Rural Residential Land System99
4.6Land Expropriation System100
Chapter 5
Land Protection Policies106
5.1Cultivated Land Protection107
5.1.1Policy Outline107
5.1.2Policy Implementation109
5.2Industrial and Mining Land Reclamation and Ecological
Restoration Policy Implementation115
5.3Integrated Ecological Protection and Restoration of
Territorial Space117
5.3.1Concept of Integrated Ecological Protection and Restoration117
5.3.2Actions on the Integrated Ecological Protection and Restoration118
Chapter 6
Land Administration Policies122
6.1Land Survey，Land Titling and Land Registration123
6.1.1Land Survey System123
6.1.2Land Titling and Registration System124
6.2Planned Land Supply and Land Reserve System128
6.2.1Planned Land Supply with Quota Control128
6.2.2Land Reserve System129
6.3Land Supervision System and Land Violation Governance131
6.3.1Land Supervision System131
6.3.2Land Violation Governance133
6.4Land Taxation and Land Finance134
6.4.1Land Taxation System in China134
6.4.2Institutional Arrangements Related to Land Finance136
Chapter 7Outlook of China’s Land Policies140
7.1International Value of China’s Land Policies141
7.1.1Strict Arable Land Protection to Ensure Global Food Security141
7.1.2Strengthen the Control of Construction Land and Actively
Respond to Global Climate Change143
7.2Reflections on China’s Land Policy Facing Ecological
Civilization145
7.2.1Promoting Land System Reform and Policy Innovation in
Key Areas Based on the Concept of Ecological Civilization145
7.2.2Implementing the Strictest Cultivated Land Protection System
and Economical and Intensive Land Use System
in a Green Way147
7.2.3Strengthening the Overall Coordination of Land Protection and
Utilization in Territorial Spatial Planning with a Good Governance
Model149
