外辐射源雷达目标探测工程及应用

外辐射源雷达是一种采用第三方辐射源，在接收端同时接收直达波信号与目标回波信号，进而构建目标检测的新体制雷达系统。本书系统地介绍了外辐射源雷达工程的相关处理方法及应用实例。全书共10 章，结合作者多年从事外辐射源雷达研究的理论成果和实际工程经验，对外辐射源雷达技术进行了全面系统的阐述。从外辐射雷达的基础理论和方法出发，介绍了外辐射雷达的发展历史和现状，系统总结了外辐射源雷达的组成部分，深入研究了外辐射雷达目标探测、相干积累、检测算法、目标定位跟踪等信号处理技术，同时也梳理了外辐射源目标散射机理和电磁传播环境建模等重要研究。

第1 章 绪论····························································································.1 1.1 外辐射源雷达概述··········································································.1 1.1.1 外辐射源雷达与外辐射源双站雷达·············································.1 1.1.2 外辐射源双站雷达的特性·························································.2 1.1.3 外辐射源双站雷达面临的挑战···················································.7 1.2 外辐射源双站雷达的发展历史···························································.9 1.3 本书内容安排··············································································.16 第2 章 外辐射源雷达技术········································································.17 2.1 外辐射源雷达方程········································································.17 2.1.1 噪声条件下的外辐射源雷达方程··············································.17 2.1.2 杂波条件下的外辐射源雷达方程··············································.23 2.2 互模糊函数相参积累·····································································.29 2.2.1 互模糊函数的特性································································.29 2.2.2 互模糊函数的经典计算方法····················································.31 2.2.3 时域补偿批处理法································································.36 2.3 主要外辐射源信号与模糊函数特征···················································.48 2.3.1 DVB-S 信号········································································.48 2.3.2 GPS 信号············································································.51 2.3.3 FM 信号·············································································.53 2.3.4 DVB-T 信号········································································.54 2.3.5 DTMB 信号·········································································.56 2.3.6 5G 信号·············································································.59 2.3.7 不同外辐射源雷达信号探测的影响分析与性能比较······················.61 2.4 外辐射源雷达系统架构及信号处理流程·············································.64 2.4.1 外辐射源雷达系统架构··························································.64 2.4.2 外辐射源雷达信号处理流程····················································.67 第3 章 外辐射源目标电磁散射机理与电磁散射特性·······································.70 3.1 概述··························································································.70 3.2 外辐射源典型目标的散射源及电磁散射机理·······································.71 3.2.1 镜面反射············································································.71 3.2.2 二面角反射·········································································.72 3.2.3 腔体散射············································································.74 3.2.4 边缘绕射············································································.75 3.2.5 尖端绕射············································································.77 3.2.6 爬行波绕射·········································································.78 3.2.7 表面不连续处的散射·····························································.80 3.3 目标电磁散射特性计算方法····························································.82 3.3.1 高频近似方法······································································.82 3.3.2 全波计算方法······································································.87 3.4 多尺度电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性计算方法·······································.92 3.4.1 基于区域分解的矩量法（SMoM） ···········································.93 3.4.2 基于区域分解的自适应积分方法（SAIM） ································.96 3.4.3 基于并行计算的区域分解MLFMA ···········································.99 3.4.4 高低频混合算法··································································.103 3.5 典型目标BCS 特征分析································································.109 3.5.1 隐身飞机BCS 和RCS 对比····················································.109 3.5.2 波音737-400 民航客机BCS 特征分析······································.110 第4 章 目标散射中心提取与目标电磁散射特征反演·······································113 4.1 概述·························································································.113 4.2 散射中心模型·············································································.114 4.2.1 散射中心模型概述·······························································.114 4.2.2 点散射中心模型··································································.115 4.2.3 衰减指数散射中心模型·························································.117 4.2.4 基于GTD 的散射中心模型····················································.117 4.2.5 属性散射中心模型·······························································.119 4.3 基于散射中心的目标双站电磁散射幅相模型······································.120 4.3.1 目标双站一维点散射中心电磁散射幅相模型······························.120 4.3.2 目标双站二维点散射中心电磁散射幅相模型······························.125 4.3.3 目标双站二维属性散射中心电磁散射幅相模型···························.128 4.4 基于双站散射中心的散射场反演·····················································.130 4.4.1 基于双站散射中心的双站散射场反演·······································.130 4.4.2 基于双站散射中心的大角域散射场反演····································.133 4.4.3 目标双站散射中心幅相模型反演与测试对比······························.135 第5 章 杂波抑制与相参积累处理·····························································.143 5.1 参考信号提纯·············································································.143 5.1.1 基于能量特征的参考信号提纯方法··········································.143 5.1.2 参考信号参数重构方法·························································.146 5.2 杂波抑制算法·············································································.150 5.2.1 自适应时域滤波杂波抑制算法················································.150 5.2.2 基于特征子空间分解的杂波抑制算法·······································.156 5.2.3 实验验证···········································································.161 5.3 跨距离单元目标回波相参积累方法··················································.165 5.3.1 基于Keystone 变换的跨多普勒单元走动补偿方法·······················.165 5.3.2 基于Radon-Fourier 变换的跨距离单元走动补偿方法····················.176 5.4 基于广义似然比的目标检测方法与粒子优化快速相关处理方法··············.182 5.4.1 基于广义似然比的目标检测方法·············································.183 5.4.2 粒子优化快速相关处理方法···················································.186 第6 章 微弱目标信号合成与增强方法·······················································.197 6.1 基于TBD 的目标回波增强方法·······················································.197 6.1.1 微弱目标检测动态模型·························································.197 6.1.2 基于贝叶斯滤波的微弱目标信号增强方法·································.200 6.1.3 多普勒扩散高阶补偿方法······················································.206 6.2 基于最大后验估计的目标检测方法··················································.213 6.3 基于同源多频合成的微弱目标信号合成方法······································.217 6.3.1 同源多频信号模型·······························································.217 6.3.2 同源多频信号相参合成方法···················································.219 6.4 基于稀疏表示与重构的多目标回波信号分离增强方法··························.222 6.4.1 互模糊函数的稀疏表示模型···················································.222 6.4.2 互模糊函数的稀疏重构·························································.224 第7 章 目标检测、定位与跟踪································································.233 7.1 CFAR 检测算法···········································································.233 7.1.1 外辐射源雷达目标检测理论···················································.233 7.1.2 一维CFAR 检测算法····························································.235 7.1.3 二维CFAR 检测算法····························································.236 7.2 外辐射源雷达目标定位算法···························································.238 7.2.1 DOA 估计模型与算法···························································.238 7.2.2 时差定位方法·····································································.252 7.2.3 测向交叉定位算法·······························································.255 7.3 外辐射源雷达目标跟踪算法···························································.259 7.3.1 目标跟踪···········································································.259 7.3.2 基于时差与角度信息的外辐射源雷达定位与跟踪方法··················.260 7.3.3 仿真实验与分析··································································.267 第8 章 电波传播对外辐射源雷达探测性能的影响········································.277 8.1 星地链路电波传播效应·································································.277 8.2 电波传播环境建模·······································································.278 8.2.1 电离层环境建模··································································.278 8.2.2 对流层环境建模··································································.281 8.3 电波传播效应计算·······································································.283 8.3.1 电波传播衰减计算·······························································.283 8.3.2 大气折射误差修正·······························································.286 第9 章 基于卫星外辐射源的目标探测定位技术···········································.297 9.1 概述·························································································.297 9.1.1 天基卫星外辐射源探测技术的提出背景····································.297 9.1.2 卫星外辐射源选择分析·························································.298 9.1.3 静止轨道卫星外辐射源体制的优点··········································.299 9.1.4 静止轨道卫星外辐射源体制的缺点··········································.300 9.2 典型电视转发卫星外辐射源信号分析···············································.301 9.2.1 中国广播电视卫星·······························································.301 9.2.2 周边地区和国家广播电视卫星················································.302 9.3 典型卫星外辐射源探测定位系统的组成及工作原理·····························.304 9.4 实验与结果················································································.306 9.4.1 实验设置···········································································.306 9.4.2 实验结果···········································································.308 9.4.3 实验结论···········································································.310 第10 章 总结与展望················································································311 10.1 本书内容总结···········································································.311 10.2 未来展望·················································································.311 10.2.1 非合作雷达辐射源的利用····················································.311 10.2.2 分布式多站观测································································.312 10.2.3 主、被动方式信息综合·······················································.313 参考文献······························································································.314