List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Motivations and Purposes of the Study
1.1.1 Motivations of the Study
1.1.2 Purposes of the Study
1.2 Previous Studies on English Passive Voice in SLA
1.2.1 Studies on Acquisition of Passive Constructions
1.2.2 Studies on Contrastive Analysis of Passive Constructions
1.2.3 Studies on Classification of Passive Constructions
1.2.4 Limitations of Previous Studies of Passive Constructions
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.3.1 Theoretical Significance
1.3.2 Practical Significance
1.4 Theoretical Framework of the Study
1.4.1 Second Language Acquisition
1.4.2 Universal Cognitive Rules of Language Acquisition
1.4.3 Cognitive Linguistic Theories
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Definitions of Some Terms Used in this Book
1.7 Outline of the Book
Chapter 2 Literature Review of Related SLA Theories
2.1 Overview of Development in SLA
2.1.1 Contrastive Analysis
2.1.2 Error Analysis
2.1.3 Interlanguage
2.2 Formal Classroom Instruction and Second Language Acquisition
2.2.1 Learnability Theory and Language Learning
2.2.2 Necessity of Grammar Teacmng in SLA
2.2.3 Formal Instruction and Learning Process in SLA
2.3 Literature Review of Related Theories of Acquisition Order and Sequence
2.3.1 Acquisition Order Studies of Morphemes
2.3.2 Acquisition Sequence of Particular Morphemes and Structures
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework of English Passives
3.1 Notion of Voice and English Voice
3.1.1 Definition of Voice
3.1.2 Problems Concerning Definitions of Voice
3.1.3 Definition of Voice Adopted in this Book
3.1.4 Classification of English Voice
3.1.5 Active-Passive Correspondence
3.2 Reasons for Use of Passive Voice
3.3 Constraints of English Passive Constructions
3.3.1 Agent Constraints
3.3.2 Object Constraints
3.3.3 Meaning Constraints
3.3.4 Verb Constraints
3.4 Classifications of English Passive Voice
3.4.1 Ciews about Classifications of Passive Constructions in English
3.4.2 Classification of Passive Constructions Adopted in this Book
Chapter 4 Semantic Structure and Cognitive Features of English Passive Constructions
4.1 Semantic Structure of Passive Constructions
4.1.1 Transitivity Features of Verbs in Passive Constructions
4.1.2 Semantic Featurcs of Agents in Passive Construcdons
4.1.3 Semantic Features of Patients in Passive Constructions
4.1.4 Mutual Interactions among Semantic Features of Passive Constructions
4.1.5 Summary
4.2 Cognitive Features of Passive Constructions
4.2.1 Principle of Iconicicy
4.2.2 Prototypicality Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
Chapter 5 Research Design and Methodology
5.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses
5.1.1 Research Questions
5.1.2 Research Hypotheses
5.2 Research Design
5.2.1 Subjects
5.2.2 Combination of Quancitative and Qualitative Approaches
5.2.3 Data Elicitation Methods
5.3 Reliability Analysis of the Translation Task and Difficulty Evaluation Test
5.4 Procedures
5.4.1 Testing procedure
5.4.2 Determining Norms and Criteria Procedure
5.4.3 Data Collection Procedure
5.5 Summary
Chapter 6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
6.1.1 Results of Chinese-English Translation
6.1.2 Objective Acquisition Order
6.1.3 Objective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.2 Subjective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
6.2.1 Results of Difficulty Evaluation Test
6.2.2 Subjective Acquisition Order
6.2.3 Subjective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.3 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of Enghsh Passives
6.3.1 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Orders
6.3.2 Degree of Agreement Test between Accuracy Orders and Difficulty Orders
6.3.3 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.4 Frequency of English Passive Constructions and Its Relations with Acquisition Order
6.4.1 Results
6.4.2 Frequency Order and Acquisition Order Obtained
6.4.3 Final Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy in this Study
6.4.4 Consistency between Predicative Acquisition Order and Orders Obtained from Other Measurements
6.5 Acquisition Sequences of Eight Types of English Passives
6.5.1 Theorecical Foundation and Objectives of Error Analysis
6.5.2 Error Types of English Passive Forms
6.5.3 Acquisition Sequences of Eight Types of English Passives
6.6 Acquisition Determinants of English Passives
6.6.1 Resetting Hypothesis in Universal Grammar
6.6.2 Influence of Cognitive Difficulty on Acquisition Order
6.6.3 Influence of Frequency of Use on Acquisition
6.6.4 Influence of Language Markedness and Prototypicality on Acquisition
6.6.5 Influence of Language Transfer on Acquisition
6.6.6 Summary
Chapter 7 Conclusions
7.1 Main Findings of the Study
7.2 Systematic Variability of Natural Acquisition Order
7.3 Implications of the Study
7.4 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
7.5 Summary
Appendix Ⅰ Chinese-English Translation
Appendix Ⅱ Writing Task
Appendix Ⅲ English Proficiency Test
References