软件测试教程（第4版）

本书共10章: 软件测试概述、软件生命周期的测试、软件静态测试技术、软件动态测试技术、软件自动化测试、软件项目的组件测试、软件系统性功能测试、软件系统性能测试、软件系统安全性测试、软件测试管理, 基本涵盖了目前软件测试的知识体系、技术体系和应用体系。

目 录 第1 章 软件测试概述 ··························.1 1.1 软件测试的产生与发展 ···········.1 1.1.1 软件可靠性问题 ················.1 1.1.2 软件缺陷与故障 ················.2 1.1.3 软件测试的产生背景与发展过程 ·························.4 1.1.4 软件测试的发展趋势 ··········.6 1.2 软件测试基础知识与理论 ·······.7 1.2.1 软件测试的目的与原则 ·······.7 1.2.2 软件测试的基本原理与特性准则 ·························.8 1.2.3 软件测试的基本策略 ··········.9 1.3 软件开发流程与软件测试 ······.10 1.3.1 软件开发流程 ··················.10 1.3.2 软件开发与软件测试 ·········.16 1.3.3 软件测试模型分析 ············.17 1.4 软件质量及其保证 ·················.20 1.4.1 软件质量管理体系 ············.20 1.4.2 软件测试成熟度 ···············.23 本章小结 ·······································.27 习题 ··············································.27 第2 章 软件生命周期的测试 ··············.31 2.1 软件生命周期及测试策略 ······.31 2.1.1 软件生命周期 ··················.31 2.1.2 软件生命周期中的测试策略 ······························.32 2.1.3 软件测试通用流程 ············.33 2.2 软件测试技术分析 ·················.34 2.2.1 基于动态的测试分析与基于静态的测试分析 ·········.35 2.2.2 基于规格说明的测试技术 ···.35 2.2.3 基于软件结构的测试技术 ··.36 2.2.4 基于经验的测试技术 ········.37 2.2.5 手工测试与自动化测试 ·····.39 2.2.6 基于风险的测试 ··············.40 2.2.7 软件测试的分类 ··············.41 2.3 组件测试 ······························.43 2.3.1 组件测试的类别及模式 ·····.43 2.3.2 组件测试的任务 ··············.44 2.3.3 组件测试的过程 ··············.45 2.3.4 组件测试管理 ·················.46 2.4 集成测试 ······························.46 2.4.1 集成测试的概念 ··············.46 2.4.2 集成测试的策略 ··············.46 2.5 系统测试 ······························.48 2.5.1 系统测试的概念、对象与环境和目标 ····················.48 2.5.2 功能性测试 ····················.49 2.5.3 非功能性测试 ·················.50 2.6 确认测试 ······························.54 2.6.1 确认测试的准则 ··············.54 2.6.2 程序修改后的确认测试 ·····.54 2.6.3 配置与审查 ····················.55 2.7 验收测试 ······························.55 2.7.1 验收测试的含义 ··············.55 2.7.2 验收测试的任务及内容 ·····.55 2.7.3 软件文档验收测试 ···········.56 2.8 软件新版本的测试 ················.57 2.8.1 软件维护测试 ·················.57 2.8.2 软件版本开发的测试 ········.57 2.8.3 软件增量开发的测试 ········.57 本章小结 ······································.59 习题 ·············································.60 第3 章 软件静态测试技术 ·················.68 3.1 软件静态测试 ························.68 3.1.1 静态测试技术概述 ············.68 3.1.2 静态测试技术 ··················.69 3.2 程序数据流分析方法 ·············.72 3.2.1 数据流测试 ·····················.72 3.2.2 数据流测试的应用举例 ······.73 3.3 程序控制流分析方法 ·············.74 3.3.1 程序的控制流图 ···············.74 3.3.2 将程序流程图转换为控制流图 ······························.75 3.3.3 控制流图分析的测试应用 ···.76 3.4 软件的复杂性度量 ·················.77 3.4.1 静态测试分析工具及测试对象与规范、标准的一致性 ···.77 3.4.2 软件复杂度的度量 ············.78 3.4.3 Logiscope 静态分析测试应用 ······························.86 3.5 软件评审 ·······························.95 3.5.1 软件评审的概念 ···············.95 3.5.2 评审的组织 ·····················.96 3.5.3 评审过程 ························.96 3.5.4 评审类型 ························.97 本章小结 ·······································.99 习题 ··············································.99 第4 章 软件动态测试技术 ···············.103 4.1 软件动态测试技术概述 ········.103 4.1.1 动态测试 ······················.103 4.1.2 动态测试（黑盒技术）的测试模型 ······················.106 4.2 等价类划分法与边界值分析法 ································.106 4.2.1 等价类划分法 ················.106 4.2.2 边界值分析法 ················.110 4.2.3 运用等价类划分法与边界值分析法设计测试用例 ····.112 4.3 因果图与决策表法 ···············.115 4.3.1 因果图法 ······················.115 4.3.2 决策表法 ······················.117 4.3.3 运用因果图-决策表法设计测试用例 ······················.119 4.4 状态转换法 ··························.124 4.4.1 状态转换法的原理 ··········.124 4.4.2 运用状态转换法设计测试用例 ····························.125 4.5 全配对法 ·····························.127 4.5.1 全配对法测试原理 ··········.128 4.5.2 运用全配对法设计测试用例 ····························.131 4.6 覆盖测试法 ··························.135 4.6.1 逻辑覆盖 ······················.135 4.6.2 路径覆盖 ······················.141 4.6.3 循环测试 ······················.144 本章小结 ·····································.146 习题 ············································.147 第5 章 软件自动化测试 ····················.159 5.1 软件自动化测试的概念及特点 ·································.159 5.1.1 自动化测试概述 ·············.159 5.1.2 自动化测试的特点 ··········.161 5.2 软件自动化测试生命周期方法学及其应用 ···················.162 5.2.1 自动化测试的决策 ··········.162 5.2.2 测试工具的获取 ·············.163 5.2.3 自动化测试的引入 ··········.163 5.2.4 确定测试计划、进行测试设计 ····························.164 5.2.5 测试执行与管理 ·············.164 5.2.6 测试评审与评估 ·············.166 5.3 自动化测试用例与脚本 ········.166 5.3.1 自动化测试用例的生成要求 ····························.166 5.3.2 自动化测试脚本 ·············.167 5.4 自动化测试工具 ···················.169 5.4.1 自动化测试的专项工具 ····.169 5.4.2 自动化测试套件 ·············.174 本章小结 ·····································.180 习题 ············································.180 第6 章 软件项目的组件测试 ············.183 6.1 软件项目的组件测试及解决方案 ·····························.183 6.1.1 组件测试的范围及内容 ····.183 6.1.2 软件项目的组件测试解决方案 ····························.184 6.2 软件GUI 的测试 ·················.186 6.2.1 页面元素测试 ················.186 6.2.2 对窗体操作的测试 ··········.187 6.2.3 对下拉式菜单与鼠标操作的测试 ·························.188 6.2.4 对数据项操作的测试 ·······.188 6.3 面向对象软件类的测试 ········.188 6.3.1 类、对象、消息及接口 ····.188 6.3.2 类的测试设计 ················.191 6.4 Logiscope 组件测试应用 ······.198 6.4.1 Logiscope 概况 ···············.198 6.4.2 Logiscope 的功能 ············.199 6.4.3 Logiscope 的安装与配置 ···.200 6.4.4 TestChecker 测试应用 ······.201 6.5 运用JUnit 进行组件测试 ·····.208 6.5.1 JUnit 概述 ·····················.208 6.5.2 运用JUnit 进行组件测试的操作方法 ······················.211 本章小结 ·····································.218 习题 ············································.218 第7 章 软件系统功能测试 ················.221 7.1 软件系统功能测试概述 ········.221 7.1.1 软件系统功能测试的内容··.221 7.1.2 软件系统功能测试的基本要素 ····························.223 7.2 软件系统功能测试工具及其应用 ·····························.223 7.2.1 RFT 概述 ······················.223 7.2.2 RFT 的基本运用方法 ·······.229 7.2.3 RFT 的测试应用 ·············.240 本章小结 ·····································.245 习题 ············································.245 第8 章 软件系统性能测试 ················.247 8.1 软件系统性能测试概述 ········.247 8.1.1 软件系统性能测试的概念 ··.247 8.1.2 软件系统性能测试规划与设计 ····························.251 8.1.3 软件系统性能测试管理 ····.254 8.2 Web 性能测试 ······················.256 8.2.1 Web 性能测试模型 ··········.256 8.2.2 Web 性能测试用例设计 ····.257 8.2.3 Web 性能测试过程管理 ····.262 8.3 软件系统性能测试的工具及其应用 ·····························.263 8.3.1 RPT 概述 ······················.263 8.3.2 RPT 的基本运用方法 ·······.265 8.3.3 RPT 的测试应用 ·············.269 本章小结 ·····································.276 习题 ············································.276 第9 章 软件系统安全性测试 ·············.279 9.1 软件系统安全性测试概述 ·····.279 9.1.1 软件系统安全性概述 ·······.280 9.1.2 软件系统安全性测试策略 ··.284 9.1.3 软件系统安全性测试方法 ··.285 9.2 Web 应用系统安全性测试 ·····.288 9.2.1 Web 应用系统安全性测试的背景 ···················.288 9.2.2 Web 应用系统安全性测试应用 ····························.288 9.3 软件系统安全性测试的工具及其应用 ······················.292 9.3.1 AppScan ·······················.292 9.3.2 AppScan 的功能特性 ········.294 9.3.3 AppScan 的基本使用 ········.301 9.3.4 AppScan 安全性测试应用 ··.309 本章小结 ·····································.311 习题 ············································.312 第10 章 软件测试管理 ·····················.313 10.1 软件测试管理的概念 ·········.313 10.1.1 测试管理的基本要素 ·····.313 10.1.2 测试组织管理 ··············.315 10.2 测试计划管理与测试过程管理 ··································.318 10.2.1 测试计划管理 ··············.318 10.2.2 测试过程管理 ··············.321 10.3 测试事件管理 ····················.329 10.3.1 缺陷管理 ····················.329 10.3.2 测试用例管理 ···············.331 10.4 软件配置管理 ·····················.334 10.4.1 软件配置管理的内涵 ······.335 10.4.2 配置管理策略与方法 ······.336 10.4.3 配置管理的应用 ············.339 10.5 测试管理工具及其应用 ·······.340 10.5.1 TestDirector 测试管理工具 ···························.340 10.5.2 Rational TestManager测试管理工具 ···············.346 本章小结 ·····································.348 习题 ············································.348 参考文献 ············································.351