低温材料基础

本书为“制冷及低温工程”“动力机械及工程”“工程热物理”等专业的研究生的专业普及课, 主要讲授金属、聚合物和纤维增强聚合物基复合材料在低温下的力学性能、电学性能、热学性能和磁学性能及测量方法。此外, 本书还简要介绍了实用超导材料。

目 录 第1 章 绪论································································································.1 1.1 低温简介·························································································.1 1.2 低温材料简介···················································································.3 1.2.1 低温材料发展简史····································································.4 1.2.2 不同低温材料性能及应用简介·····················································.5 1.2.3 与低温材料相关的事故和实例·····················································.6 1.3 低温材料选取的注意事项····································································.7 1.3.1 介质相容性·············································································.7 1.3.2 低温韧脆转变··········································································.8 1.3.3 热应力和热应变·······································································.8 1.3.4 抗热震性················································································11 1.3.5 低温诱发相变··········································································12 1.4 本章小结·························································································12 复习思考题1···························································································12 本章参考文献··························································································12 第2 章 材料低温力学性能··············································································14 2.1 材料的低温弹性变形··········································································14 2.1.1 弹性变形················································································14 2.1.2 模量······················································································16 2.1.3 泊松比···················································································20 2.2 材料的低温塑性和强度·······································································23 2.2.1 塑性变形················································································24 2.2.2 强度······················································································26 2.2.3 静强度准则与安全系数······························································29 2.3 材料的低温韧性················································································30 2.3.1 冲击韧度与低温韧脆转变···························································30 2.3.2 断裂力学与断裂韧度·································································36 2.4 材料的低温疲劳性能··········································································51 2.4.1 变应力与材料疲劳····································································51 2.4.2 S -N 曲线与ε-N 曲线·································································52 2.4.3 疲劳裂纹扩展速率及门槛值························································55 2.4.4 疲劳设计概要··········································································57 低温材料基础 ·VIII· 2.5 本章小结·························································································58 复习思考题2···························································································58 本章参考文献··························································································59 第3 章 材料低温物理性能··············································································61 3.1 低温热学性能···················································································61 3.1.1 比热······················································································61 3.1.2 热导率···················································································77 3.1.3 热扩散系数·············································································84 3.1.4 接触热阻················································································85 3.1.5 热发射率················································································90 3.1.6 热膨胀···················································································92 3.2 低温电学性能···················································································94 3.2.1 金属材料电导率·······································································94 3.2.2 剩余电阻率（RRR） ·································································96 3.2.3 半导体材料电导率····································································98 3.2.4 温差电现象·············································································98 3.2.5 低温温度的电测量方法······························································99 3.3 材料的低温磁学性能·······································································.100 3.3.1 材料的低温磁学性能简介························································.100 3.3.2 低温对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响·········································.102 3.3.3 焊接对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响·········································.103 3.3.4 塑性变形对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响···································.104 3.3.5 磁场对金属材料低温力学性能的影响·········································.104 3.4 本章小结······················································································.106 复习思考题3························································································.106 本章参考文献·······················································································.107 第4 章 金属材料·······················································································.109 4.1 低温马氏体相变·············································································.109 4.1.1 马氏体相变的基本特征···························································.109 4.1.2 Fe-Ni-Cr 系奥氏体不锈钢的马氏体相变······································.112 4.1.3 Fe-Mn-Cr 系奥氏体不锈钢的马氏体相变·····································.117 4.2 低温“锯齿”形流变·······································································.118 4.2.1 吕德斯屈服··········································································.119 4.2.2 PLC 效应·············································································.120 4.2.3 低温不连续屈服····································································.122 4.3 金属材料氢脆················································································.130 4.3.1 金属材料氢脆简介·································································.130 目 录 ·IX· 4.3.2 典型金属材料的氢脆特征························································.134 4.4 钢·······························································································.136 4.4.1 锰钢和镍钢··········································································.137 4.4.2 马氏体时效钢·······································································.140 4.4.3 不锈钢················································································.141 4.4.4 奥氏体钢和奥氏体不锈钢························································.144 4.5 镍基合金和高温合金·······································································.150 4.5.1 镍基合金和高温合金简介························································.150 4.5.2 镍基合金和镍基、铁镍基高温合金的低温性能·····························.151 4.6 钛和钛合金···················································································.154 4.6.1 传统钛合金和高性能钛合金·····················································.154 4.6.2 传统钛合金低温性能······························································.155 4.7 铝和铝合金···················································································.162 4.7.1 铝合金分类··········································································.162 4.7.2 铝合金低温性能····································································.168 4.8 铜和铜合金···················································································.173 4.8.1 铜合金分类··········································································.173 4.8.2 铜合金低温性能····································································.174 4.9 本章小结······················································································.177 复习思考题4························································································.177 本章参考文献·······················································································.177 第5 章 非金属材料····················································································.180 5.1 高分子材料···················································································.180 5.1.1 塑料···················································································.180 5.1.2 橡胶···················································································.181 5.1.3 高分子材料低温性能及应用·····················································.182 5.1.4 环氧树脂·············································································.186 5.1.5 低温结构胶黏剂····································································.187 5.2 陶瓷材料······················································································.188 5.2.1 陶瓷材料及基本性能······························································.188 5.2.2 常用工程陶瓷材料·································································.189 5.2.3 陶瓷材料低温性能·································································.193 5.2.4 陶瓷材料增韧·······································································.194 5.2.5 陶瓷基复合材料····································································.196 5.3 纤维增强聚合物基复合材料······························································.198 5.3.1 纤维及纤维制品····································································.198 5.3.2 纤维增强树脂基复合材料制备方法············································.213 5.3.3 纤维增强树脂基复合材料低温性能及应用···································.217 低温材料基础 ·X· 5.4 本章小结······················································································.227 复习思考题5························································································.228 本章参考文献·······················································································.228 第6 章 实用超导材料·················································································.230 6.1 超导电性简介················································································.230 6.1.1 零电阻现象··········································································.230 6.1.2 临界温度及临界磁场强度························································.232 6.1.3 超导体的磁性·······································································.234 6.1.4 第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类超导体···························································.235 6.1.5 伦敦方程和穿透深度······························································.237 6.1.6 超导电性的BCS 理论·····························································.238 6.1.7 超导环内磁通量子化······························································.239 6.1.8 混合态················································································.239 6.2 实用超导材料················································································.240 6.2.1 Nb-Ti 合金超导体··································································.242 6.2.2 Nb3Sn ·················································································.247 6.2.3 MgB2 ··················································································.257 6.2.4 铜氧化物超导体····································································.262 6.3 超导磁体简介················································································.272 6.3.1 超导磁体的应用····································································.273 6.3.2 小型超导磁体设计简介···························································.280 6.4 本章小结······················································································.291 复习思考题6························································································.291 本章参考文献·······················································································.291 第7 章 材料低温力学性能测量方法·······························································.294 7.1 低温环境和测量设备·······································································.294 7.1.1 低温环境·············································································.294 7.1.2 应变速率·············································································.295 7.1.3 试验机················································································.296 7.1.4 变形测量和电子引伸计···························································.297 7.1.5 反向结构和多试样工装···························································.298 7.2 准静态拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切和扭转性能测量···································.301 7.2.1 准静态拉伸性能测量······························································.301 7.2.2 压缩性能测量·······································································.319 7.2.3 弯曲性能测量·······································································.328 7.2.4 剪切性能测量·······································································.333 7.2.5 扭转性能测量·······································································.339 目 录 ·XI· 7.3 准静态断裂韧度测量·······································································.342 7.3.1 金属材料准静态断裂韧度测量··················································.342 7.3.2 工程塑料断裂韧度测量···························································.368 7.3.3 纤维增强树脂基复合材料断裂韧度测量······································.370 7.4 低温疲劳力学性能和疲劳裂纹扩展速率测量·········································.373 7.4.1 低温疲劳力学性能测量···························································.373 7.4.2 疲劳裂纹扩展速率（FCGR）测量·············································.382 7.5 低温简支梁冲击性能测量·································································.385 7.5.1 冲击性能测量方法·································································.385 7.5.2 低温冲击性能测量方法···························································.387 7.5.3 低温吸收能量与准静态断裂韧度的关联性···································.388 7.6 本章小结······················································································.389 复习思考题7························································································.389 本章参考文献·······················································································.389 第8 章 材料低温热学和电学性能测量····························································.391 8.1 低温热学性能测量方法····································································.391 8.1.1 低温热膨胀性能测量······························································.391 8.1.2 低温热导率测量····································································.393 8.1.3 低温比热测量·······································································.396 8.1.4 低温发射率测量····································································.400 8.2 低温电学性能测量方法····································································.401 8.2.1 剩余电阻率测量····································································.401 8.2.2 超导材料临界电流测量···························································.402 8.3 本章小结······················································································.404 复习思考题8························································································.404 本章参考文献·······················································································.404