Preface
1.The Origin and Development of LiDAR Techniques
1.1 Introduction and History of LiDAR
1.2 Classification of LiDAR Hardware
1.3 Commercial LiDAR Hardware
1.4 LiDAR Software
1.5 The Importance of LiDAR in Forest Ecology Applications
1.6 Chapter Summary
References
2.Working Principles of LiDAR
2.1 Ranging Principle of LiDAR
2.2 Radiation Principle of LiDAR
2.3 Working Principle of Terrestrial LiDAR
2.4 Working Principle of Near-Surface LiDAR
2.5 Working Principle of Airborne LiDAR
2.6 Working Principle of Spaceborne LiDAR
2.7 Chapter Summary
References
3.LiDAR Field Workflow and Systematic Error Sources
3.1 Basic Operation of Terrestrial LiDAR
3.2 Basic Operation of Mobile and Backpack LiDAR
3.3 Basic Operation of Airborne and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle LiDAR
3.4 Error Sources in LiDAR Data Collection
3.5 Chapter Summary
References
4.LiDAR Data Formats
4.1 Format,Composition,and Characteristics of Point Cloud Data
4.2 Indexing of Point Cloud Data
4.3 Reading Point Cloud Data
4.4 Reading Full-Waveform Data
4.5 Chapter Summary
References
5.Data Preprocessing and Feature Extraction
5.1 Point Cloud Resolving
5.2 Point Cloud Registration
5.3 LiDAR Point Cloud Denoising
5.4 Point Cloud Feature Extraction
5.5 Point Cloud Classification
5.6 Chapter Summary
References
6.LiDAR Data Filtering and Digital Elevation Model Generation
6.1 Introduction to LiDAR Data Filtering
6.2 Introduction to Filtering Methods
6.3 Accuracy Evaluation Methods
6.4 Digital Elevation Model Generation
6.5 Chapter Summary
References
7.Forest Structural Attribute Extraction
7.1 Stand-Level Structural Attribute Extraction
7.2 Individual Tree Segmentation
7.3 Wood-Leaf Separation
7.4 Individual Tree- and Organ-Level Structural Attribute Extraction
7.5 Structural Attributes Extracted Through the Fusion of Multiplatform LiDAR Data
7.6 Chapter Summary
References
8.Estimation of Forest Functional Attributes
8.1 Canopy Cover and Closure
8.2 Leaf Area Index
8.3 Growing Stock and Biomass
8.4 Tree Species Classification
8.5 Chapter Summary
References
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9.Forest Structural and Functional Attribute Upscaling UsingSpaceborne LiDAR Data
10.LiDAR-Based Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Models and Applications
11.Visualization and Reconstruction of Forest Ecosystems
12.Forest Dynamics Monitoring
13.Applications of LiDAR in Biodiversity Conservation,Ecohydrology,and Ecological Process Modeling of Forest Ecosystems
14.LiDAR Applications in Other Ecosystems
15.Challenges and Opportunities for LiDAR
