This book consists of 6 chapters and 13 topics, which respectively discusses the development of energy-saving and new energy vehicle in China from the aspects of industrial environment, vehicle energy consumption, product attributes, technology application, hot topics, and long-term outlook.
The chapter on the industrial environment expounds the global energy and carbon emission management, China’s automobile energy, and carbon emission calculation. In the chapter on vehicle energy consumption, the development and trend of fuel consumption of commercial vehicles and the development of electric energy consumption of new energy vehicles are analyzed in detail. The product attributes section introduces the development of energy-saving related attributes of passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The technology application section tracks the application of energy-saving technology for passenger vehicles and the technology supporting the trend of key parts of new energy vehicles. The hot topics compare the competitiveness of ternary battery and lithium iron phosphate battery, and focus on the safety of power battery, tracks the key raw materials and progress of battery. The long-term outlook section looks forward to the 2035 electrification route of China’s automobile under the background of “decarburization”.
Ⅰ Industrial Environment
Special Topic 1 Global Automotive Energy Strategy and Carbon Emission Management Process 02
1.1 International Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission Management 03
1.1.1 EU Automobile Energy-saving and Carbon Emission Management 03
1.1.2 U.S. Regulations on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission 10
1.1.3 Japan’s Fuel Consumption Regulations for Light Vehicles 16
1.2 China’s Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission Management 17
1.2.1 Planning and Development Goals of Auto Industry 17
1.2.2 Status Quo of China’s Vehicle Energy Consumption Management 20
1.2.3 Development Overview of Domestic Auto Market 33
Special Topic 2 Estimation of China Vehicles’Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission 43
2.1 Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission Estimation Model in China 43
2.2 Analysis on the Key Parameters for the Estimation of Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions 46
2.2.1 Vehicle in Use Structure Based on Ages 46
2.2.2 Driving Distances of Vehicles 47
2.2.3 Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type 47
2.3 Estimation Results of Vehicle Energy and Carbon Emissions in 2020 48
II Vehicle Energy Consumption
Special Topic 3 Development of the Average Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars 53
3.1 The Fleet-wide Average Fuel Consumption 54
3.2 Fuel Consumption of Domestic Models in Different Categories 56
3.2.1 Fuel Consumption Variation by Model Type 56
3.2.2 Fuel Consumption Variation by Different Foreign Sino Makers 59
3.3 Average Fuel Consumption and Compliance Performance of Enterprises 60
3.3.1 Analysis of Quantity and Production Volume of Qualified Enterprises 60
3.3.2 Analysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance Performance 62
3.3.3 Analysis on Compliance Performance of Top 10 Producers/Importers 64
Special Topic 4 Development of Fuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles 66
4.1 Classification of Commercial Vehicles 67
4.2 Fuel Consumption of Light Commercial Vehicles 68
4.2.1 Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types 68
4.2.2 Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value 73
4.3 Fuel Consumption of Heavy Commercial Vehicles 76
4.3.1 Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types 76
4.3.2 Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value 81
Special Topic 5 Electricity Consumption Development of New Energy Vehicles 87
5.1 Electricity Consumption of New Energy Passenger Cars 88
5.1.1 The Development Trend of the Average Electricity Consumption for Domestic New Energy Passenger Cars 88
5.1.2 Electricity Consumption of Different Vehicle Types 89
5.1.3 Electricity Consumption of Top 15 Models in Production 92
5.2 New Energy Commercial Vehicles 93
5.2.1 E-range 93
5.2.2 Battery Capacity 96
5.2.3 E-range/Battery Capacity 98
5.2.4 Power Consumption per 100 km per Ton 99
5.2.5 Energy Consumption per Unit Load 101
Ⅲ Product Attributes
Special Topic 6 Development Trend of Related Properties of Passenger Cars on Energy Conservation 104
6.1 Curb Weight 104
6.2 Footprint Area 109
6.3 Average Displacement 112
6.4 Average Power 116
6.5 Average Torque 120
6.6 Power/Curb Weight 125
6.7 Power/Displacement 129
Special Topic 7 Development Trend of Related Properties of Commercial Vehicles on Energy Conservation 135
7.1 Fuel Type 135
7.2 Transmission 138
7.3 Product Structure 140
7.3.1 Maximum Design Pay Mass 140
7.3.2 Average Length 141
7.4 Average Displacement 143
7.5 Power/Total Mass 146
Ⅳ Technology Application
Special Topic 8 Application of Energy-saving Technologies for Passenger Cars 150
8.1 Turbocharging and GDI 150
8.2 3-cylinder Turbocharging Engine 152
8.3 Advanced Transmission Technology 154
8.4 Idling Stop-Start Technology 156
8.5 Mild Hybrid 156
8.6 Strong Hybrid 158
Special Topic 9 Supporting Technology Trend of Key Parts of New Energy Vehicles 160
9.1 Power Battery 161
9.1.1 Supporting Conditions of Power Battery Industry 161
9.1.2 Status Quo of Development of Power Battery Technology 168
9.1.3 Development Trend of Power Battery Industry 169
9.2 Drive Motor 173
9.2.1 Overview of Supporting Drive Motor Industry 173
9.2.2 Status Quo of Development of Drive Motor Technologies 175
9.2.3 Development Trend of Drive Motor Industry 178
9.3 Electric Control 182
9.3.1 Supporting Conditions of Electric Control Industry 182
9.3.2 Development Trend of Electric Control Industry 184
Ⅴ Hot Topics
Special Topic 10 Comparison of the Competitiveness of Ternary Battery and Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery 189
10.1 Comparison of Crystal Structures of Cathode Materials 189
10.2 Key Performance Comparison of Cathode Materials and Power Battery Products of Corresponding Systems 190
10.2.1 Comparison of Energy Density 191
10.2.2 Power Comparison 194
10.2.3 Service Life Comparison 196
10.2.4 Cost Comparison 197
10.2.5 Safety Comparison 198
Special Topic 11 Research on the Safety of Batteries 203
11.1 Electrical-Thermal Coupling Characterization Methods of Power Batteries 204
11.2 Analysis on the Electric-thermal Coupling Characteristics Test of Power Batteries 206
11.2.1 Influence of Operating Temperature on the Heat Generation Characteristics of Batteries 207
11.2.2 The Effect of SOC on the Heat Generation Characteristics of Batteries 208
11.2.3 Effect of Current Multiplier on the Heat Generation Characteristics of the Batteries 210
11.2.4 Effect of SOH on the Heat Generation Characteristics of the Batteries 211
11.2.5 Influence of the Material System on the Heat Generation Characteristics of the Batteries 212
11.3 Thermal Runaway and Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation of Power Batteries 213
11.3.1 Research on the Thermal Runaway Triggering Method and Characteristic Behavior of Power Batteries 213
11.3.2 Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation of Power Batteries 215
11.4 Safety Assessment in the Life Cycle of Power Batteries 216
11.4.1 Intrinsic Thermal Stability Assessment in the Life Cycle of Power Batteries 216
11.4.2 Assessment on the Application Safety in the Life Cycle of Power Batteries 220
Special Topic 12 Key Raw Materials and Progress of Batteries 224
12.1 Overview of Lithium Mineral Resources 224
12.1.1 Overview of Global Lithium Resources 225
12.1.2 Overview of Lithium Resources in China 226
12.1.3 Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Lithium Resources 228
12.2 Overview of Cobalt Mineral Resources 230
12.2.1 Overview of Global Cobalt Resources 231
12.2.2 Overview of Cobalt Resources in China 233
12.2.3 Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Cobalt Resources 234
12.3 Overview of Nickel Ore Resources 235
12.3.1 Overview of Global Nickel Resources 236
12.3.2 Overview of Nickel Resources in China 238
12.3.3 Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Nickel Resources 238
12.4 Sustainable Supply of Nickel Promotes the Development of Low-carbon and Efficient Industrial Chain 240
12.4.1 New Regulations of Sustainable Policies for the Downstream Areas of the Automobile Industry 240
12.4.2 BHP Makes Innovation to Support the Transformation of China’s Electric Vehicle Market to Sustainable Nickel Products 242
Ⅵ Long-term Outlook
Special Topic 13 Outlook for the 2035 Electrification Route for Chinese Vehicles in the Context of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” 246
13.1 The Development Goal of China’s Vehicle Electrification in 2035 in the Context of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” 246
13.2 Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes by City Priority Level 248
13.2.1 Evaluation Indexes of City Priority Level for the Electrification of Vehicles 248
13.2.2 Classification Method of City Priority Level for the Electrification of Vehicles 250
13.2.3 Classification Result of City Priority Level for the Electrification of Vehicles 252
13.3 Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes by Vehicle Type and Application Scenario 253
13.3.1 Electrification Promotion Routes for Passenger Cars 253
13.3.2 Electrification Promotion Routes for Commercial
Vehicles 254
Appendix 261
