Section 1 Basic Geology 1.1 The Earth 1.1.1 Interior of the Earth 1.1.2 Chemical Composition of the Earth 1.1.3 Outer Sphere of the Earth 1.2 Mineral 1.2.1 Physical Properties of Minerals 1.2.2 Common Minerals 1.3 Rock 1.3.1 Three Great Classes of Rocks 1.3.2 Igneous Rocks 1.3.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1.3.4 Metamorphic Rocks 1.4 Erosion and Deposition 1.4.1 Erosion 1.4.2 Geological Action of River 1.4.3 Weathering and Soils 1.4.4 Deposition 1.4.5 Elevations and Subsidence 1.5 Folds and Faults 1.5.1 Folds and Faults 1.5.2 Earthquakes 1.6 The Geologic Time Scale 1.6.1 Fossils 1.6.2 The Geologic Time Scale 1.6.3 Formulation of Geologic Time Scale 1.6.4 Naming of Geologic Periods, Eras and Epochs Section 2 Ocean Floor Morphology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Continental Shelf 2.2.1 General Features 2.2.2 Continental Shelf Landforms 2.3 Submarine Canyons 2.3.1 Definitions and Nomenclature 2.3.2 Origin of Submarine Canyons 2.3.3 Significance of Submarine Canyons 2.4 Hadel Trenches 2.4.1 Discovery of Oceanic Trenches 2.4.2 Deep Sea Trenches as Sediment Traps 2.4.3 Accretionary Wedge and Outer Ridge 2.4.4 Subduction Erosion Instead of Accretion 2.5 Bathymetry of Global Ocean Basins 2.5.1 Mapping of Ocean floor Bathymetry 2.5.2 Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins 2.5.3 Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Bathymetric Ocean Basins 2.6 Submarine Seamounts 2.6.1 Concepts 2.6.2 Submarine Geomorphology of Volcanic Islands and Seamounts 2.7 Mid-Ocean Ridges 2.7.1 General Features 2.7.2 Topography of the Ridges 2.7.3 Topography of the Transform Faults 2.7.4 Formation Processes Section 3 Tectonics of Ocean Floor 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mantle Plumes and Heat-pipe Tectonics 3.2.1 Heat-pipe Tectonics 3.2.2 Mantle Plume Tectonics 3.2.3 Pre-plate Tectonic Evolution of Early Earth 3.3 Terrane Tectonics and Micro-block 3.3.1 Terrane Tectonics 3.3.2 Microplate Tectonics 3.4 Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics 3.4.1 Continental Drift Hypothesis 3.4.2 Plate Tectonics Theory 3.4.3 Plate Tectonic Reconstruction 3.5 Subduction Factory 3.5.1 Subduction Zones and Island Arcs 3.5.2 Active Continental Margins 3.5.3 Subduction and Deep Carbon Cycle 3.6 Wilson Cycle and Supercontinent Cycle 3.6.1 Wilson Cycle 3.6.2 Supercontinent Cycle Section 4 Marine Sediments 4.1 Major Types of Marine Sediments 4.2 Sediments from Source to Sink 4.2.1 Sources of Sediment 4.2.2 Sediment Transfer and Sinks 4.2.3 Source-to-Sink System in Marginal Sea 4.3 Sediment Transport and Redistribution 4.3.1 Sediment Routing and Forcing 4.3.2 The Hjulstr*m Diagram and Role of Water Velocity 4.4 Pelagic Sediments 4.4.1 Pelagic Sediment Types and Distributional Patterns 4.4.2 Sediment Thicknesses and Sedimentation Rates 4.5 Marine Sediments and Climate Change 4.5.1 What Makes the Climate Change? 4.5.2 Paleoclimate Records of Marine Sediments 4.5.3 The Linkage between Marine Sediments and the Earth’s Future Climate 4.6 Sampling of Marine Sediments Section 5 Coastal Zone 5.1 Coastal Geomorphology 5.1.1 Coastal Classification 5.1.2 Factors Influencing Coastal Morphology and Processes 5.2 Sea-level Changes 5.2.1 Definition 5.2.2 Methods of Measuring Sea-level Change 5.2.3 Factors Affecting Sea-level Change 5.3 Beach and Nearshore Systems 5.3.1 Beach Sediments 5.3.2 Sediment Lateral Movement and Equilibrium Profile 5.3.3 The Longitudinal Movement and Budget of Sediment 5.3.4 Shoreline Change and the Theory 5.4 Rock Coasts 5.4.1 Features and Geomor
