导读 F5
Series editors’ preface F49
Acknowledgements F52
CHAPTER ONE Introduction
CHAPTER TWO The nature of speaking
CHAPTER THREE Speaking tasks 29
CHAPTER FOUR Speaking scales 59
CHAPTER FIVE Theoretical models 96
CHAPTER SIX Developing test specifications 113
CHAPTER SEVEN Developing speaking tasks 139
CHAPTER EIGHT Ensuring a reliable and valid speaking assessment 170
References 192
Index 201
