PART Ⅰ PUBLIC HEALTH PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 1
Chapter 1 Public Health and Preventive Medicine: Trends and Guideposts 1
SECTION 1 Increased incorporation of business and administrative practices into prevention and public health service delivery 1
SECTION 2 Changes in the definition of the group or population, the fundamental unit of public health 2
SECTION 3 Enhanced conceptualization and measurement of personal health status 2
SECTION 4 Increased codification and interpretation of scientific findings relevant to prevention and public health 2
SECTION 5 Establishment of goals for communities to attain improvement in health status 2
Chapter 2 Epidemiology and Public Health 4
SECTION 1 History 4
SECTION 2 Definition 5
SECTION 3 Foundations of epidemiological practice 9
SECTION 4 Surveillance 10
SECTION 5 Investigation 17
SECTION 6 Analysis 23
SECTION 7 Evaluation 29
SECTION 8 Applying epidemiology to public health 30
Chapter 3 Public Health Informatics 32
SECTION 1 Historical context 32
SECTION 2 Public health system needs for informatics 33
SECTION 3 Enterprise architecture and data interchange 33
SECTION 4 Public health worker needs 34
SECTION 5 Public health information system needs 34
SECTION 6 Medical care information system needs 36
SECTION 7 National health information system initiatives 36
SECTION 8 Lessons learned in developing health information systems to date 37
SECTION 9 Challenges for the future—implications for public health informatics 38
Chapter 4 Genetic Determinants of Disease and Genetics in Public Health 40
SECTION 1 Genes in populations 41
SECTION 2 Incidence and prevalence of genetic disease 43
SECTION 3 Categories of genetic disease 44
SECTION 4 The human gene map and gene sequencing 47
SECTION 5 Evidence for clustering in families 48
SECTION 6 Screening, prenatal diagnosis and genetic services 50
SECTION 7 Summary and conclusions 54
PART Ⅱ COMMUNICABLE AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 55
Chapter 5 Communicable Diseases 55
SECTION 1 Control of communicable diseases 55
SECTION 2 Diseases controlled primarily by vaccination 61
SECTION 3 Epidemiology and trends in sexually transmitted infections 67
SECTION 4 The epidemiology and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 72
SECTION 5 Infection spread by close personal contact 77
SECTION 6 Diseases spread by food and water 98
SECTION 7 Diseases transmitted primarily from animals to humans (ZOONOSES) 102
SECTION 8 Control of infections in institutions: health care-associated infections 108
Chapter 6 Noncommunicable and Chronic Disabling Conditions 113
SECTION 1 Screening for early and asymptomatic conditions 113
SECTION 2 Cancer 115
SECTION 3 Heart disease 127
SECTION 4 Diabetes 142
SECTION 5 Nutrition in public health and preventive medicine 152
PART Ⅲ ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 162
Chapter 7 Toxicology 162
SECTION 1 Branches of toxicology 162
SECTION 2 Toxic agents and toxicology 163
SECTION 3 Chemicals in the environment 165
SECTION 4 Exposure to toxic substances and change in the body 166
SECTION 5 Acute and chronic exposure and toxicity 170
SECTION 6 Toxicological effects and pharmacodynamics 171
SECTION 7 Mechanisms of toxicity 173
SECTION 8 Carcinogenesis: initiation and promotion 177
SECTION 9 Mixtures and interactions 178
SECTION 10 Clinical evaluation of toxicity 179
SECTION 11 Biomarkers 179
SECTION 12 Causality: environmental chemical exposure and health effects 181
SECTION 13 Toxicity testing 182
SECTION 14 Animal welfare and animal rights 182
SECTION 15 Measures to reduce toxicity hazards 183
SECTION 16 Future directions 184
SECTION 17 Old directions 185
Chapter 8 Pneumoconiosis 186
SECTION 1 Asbestos-associated diseases 186
SECTION 2 Coal workers’ lung disease 193
SECTION 3 Silicosis 197
Chapter 9 Health Significance of Metal Exposures 205
SECTION 1 Aluminum 206
SECTION 2 Antimony 208
SECTION 3 Arsenic 208
SECTION 4 Beryllium 210
SECTION 5 Cadmium 210
SECTION 6 Chromium 212
SECTION 7 Cobalt 213
SECTION 8 Copper 214
SECTION 9 Iron 214
SECTION 10 Lead 215
SECTION 11 Manganese 217
SECTION 12 Mercury 218
SECTION 13 Molybdenum 221
SECTION 14 Nickel 221
SECTION 15 Selenium 222
SECTION 16 Thallium 223
SECTION 17 Tin 224
SECTION 18 Uranium 224
SECTION 19 Vanadium 225
SECTION 20 Zinc 225
Chapter 10 Disease Associated with Exposure to Chemical Substances: Organic Compound 227
SECTION 1 Organic solvents 227
SECTION 2 Aromatic nitro- and amino-compounds 247
Chapter 11 Pulmonary Responses to Gases and Particles 250
SECTION 1 Functional zones of human lung 250
SECTION 2 Occupational polluted air 251
SECTION 3 Environmental air pollution 258
SECTION 4 Indoor air pollution 260
Chapter 12 Pesticides 263
SECTION 1 History 263
SECTION 2 Production and use 263
SECTION 3 Exposure to pesticides 266
SECTION 4 Toxicology 267
SECTION 5 Health effects 269
Chapter 13 Environmental Neurotoxicant and Neurological Disorders 274
SECTION 1 Neurobehavioral toxicity 274
SECTION 2 Neurological disorders 285
Chapter 14 Temperature and Health 288
SECTION 1 Thermoregulation 288
SECTION 2 Adverse effects of heat 288
SECTION 3 Epidemiology of heat-related illness 290
SECTION 4 Prevention of heat-related illness 292
SECTION 5 Cold weather 292
SECTION 6 Illnesses caused by cold 294
SECTION 7 Epidemiology of cold injury 294
SECTION 8 Prevention of cold-related illness 296
Chapter 15 Radiation and Health 297
SECTION 1 Ionizing radiation 297
SECTION 2 Nonionizing radiation 305
Chapter 16 Effects of the Physical Environment: Noise as a Health Hazard 317
SECTION 1 Productive noise 317
SECTION 2 Effect of noise on hearing 318
SECTION 3 Noise standards 321
SECTION 4 Prevention of hearing loss 323
Chapter 17 Ergonomics and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 325
SECTION 1 Anthropometry 325
SECTION 2 Fatigue 327
SECTION 3 Chronic work-related musculoskeletal disorders 328
SECTION 4 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity 329
SECTION 5 Occupational low back pain 335
SECTION 6 Management issues 341
Chapter 18 Ensuring Food Safety 342
SECTION 1 Introduction 342
SECTION 2 Common food-borne disease hazards 343
SECTION 3 Administrative regulation 353
SECTION 4 Sanitation 355
SECTION 5 Hazard analysis critical control point system (HACCP) 357
SECTION 6 Food preservation 359
SECTION 7 Summary 364
Chapter 19 Water Quality Management and Water-Borne Disease Trends 365
SECTION 1 Functions of water 365
SECTION 2 Types of water systems 365
SECTION 3 Properties of water 366
SECTION 4 Sources of water 366
SECTION 5 Potable water quality and regulation 369
SECTION 6 Types of water contamination 377
SECTION 7 Water-borne disease trends and surveillance 380
SECTION 8 Treatment of water and wastewater 386
SECTION 9 Engineered water purification processes 388
SECTION 10 Wastewater collection and disposal 394
SECTION 11 Wastewater treatment processes 398
SECTION 12 Protection of water quality and public health 400
Chapter 20 Hazardous Waste: Assessing, Detecting, and Remediation 402
SECTION 1 Hazardous waste 402
SECTION 2 Assessing and detecting adverse health effects of hazardous wastes 404
SECTION 3 Risk assessment 409
SECTION 4 Remediation 409
Chapter 21 Housing and Health 411
SECTION 1 Overview of housing conditions in the world 411
SECTION 2 Indoor environment 412
SECTION 3 Physical hazards 412
SECTION 4 Biological hazards 413
SECTION 5 Socioeconomic conditions 413
SECTION 6 Housing conditions and mental health 414
SECTION 7 Housing standards 414
SECTION 8 Statistical indicators of housing conditions 414
SECTION 9 Healthy communities and healthy cities 415
SECTION 10 Special housing needs 415
SECTION 11 Conclusion 415
PART Ⅳ BEHAVIORAL FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH 416
Chapter 22 Tobacco: Health Effects and Control 416
SECTION 1 Toll of smoking 416
SECTION 2 Cardiovascular disease 417
SECTION 3 Cancer 419
SECTION 4 Other smoking-related diseases 423
SECTION 5 Health risks of secondhand smoke 426
SECTION 6 Tobacco interventions 429
SECTION 7 Smoking and the workplace 432
SECTION 8 Challenges in tobacco use prevention and control 432
Chapter 23 Alcohol-Related Health Problems 433
SECTION 1 Introduction 433
SECTION 2 Categories of alcohol use along the drinking continuum 433
SECTION 3 Alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency definitions 433
SECTION 4 Epidemiology of alcohol abuse and dependency 434
SECTION 5 General mechanisms of alcohol-related dysfunction and damage 435
SECTION 6 Estimating the public health importance of alcohol-related problems 436
SECTION 7 Summary 441
Chapter 24 Community Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 442
SECTION 1 Introduction 442
SECTION 2 The holistic approach 443
SECTION 3 Evidence-based decision-making in a holistic community approach 444
SECTION 4 Conclusion 447
Chapter 25 Injury and Violence 448
SECTION 1 Injury control: the public health approach 448
SECTION 2 Violence in the family as a public health concern 459
PART Ⅴ HEALTH-CARE ORGANIZATION AND EVALUATION 465
Chapter 26 International and Global Health 465
SECTION 1 Globalization 466
SECTION 2 Inequalities and the health of nations 467
SECTION 3 Health reform and financing 469
SECTION 4 Health transitions 470
SECTION 5 Food and nutrition security 471
SECTION 6 Water and sanitation 472
SECTION 7 The way forward 472
Chapter 27 Public Health Management Tools 473
SECTION 1 Planning for health improvement: models for communities and institutions 473
SECTION 2 Public health leadership development 478
SECTION 3 Policy development 480
SECTION 4 Quality assurance and quality improvement 485
SECTION 5 Public health management tools evaluations 490
Chapter 28 Public Health Law 493
SECTION 1 Introduction 493
SECTION 2 Public health and primary care 493
SECTION 3 The constitutional basis for public health law 493
SECTION 4 Public health law as administrative law 494
SECTION 5 Judicial review of public health actions 496
SECTION 6 Privacy, autonomy, and the public health 498
SECTION 7 Public health surveillance 498
SECTION 8 The future of public health law 500
