第一章语言学之邀约(Invitations to Linguistics)1
1.1语言定义性结构特征(Design Features)2
1.1.1任意性(Arbitrariness)2
1.1.2双重性(Duality/Double Articulation)9
1.1.3创造性多产性(Creativity Productivity)10
1.1.4移位性跨越时空性(Displacement)14
1.1.5文化传承性(CulturalTransmission)14
1.2语言的功能(Functions of Language)14
1.2.1雅各布森语言功能框架(Jakobson’s Framework of Language Function)15
1.2.2胡壮麟语言功能系统解析15
1.3语言的起源(Origin of Language)17
1.3.1语言神授说(The Divine-Origin Theory)17
1.3.2语言发明说(The Invention Theory)17
1.3.3进化推演说(The Evolutionary Theory)19
1.4语言学分支(Main Branches of Language)19
1.5语言学的基本概念区分(Important Distinctions in Linguistics)20
1.5.1描述性研究与规定性研究(Descriptive and Prescriptive)20
1.5.2语言与言语(Langue and Parole)23
1.5.3语言能力与语言运用(Competence and Performance)24
1.5.4共时语言学与历时语言学(Synchronic and Diachronic)26
第二章语音学与音系学(Phonetics and Phonology)29
2.1语音学、音系学简介(Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology)29
2.2语音(Speech Sounds)30
2.2.1发音器官(Speech Organs)30
2.2.2语音的书写形式(Orthographic Representation of Speech Sounds)31
2.3辅音和元音(Consonants and Vowels)31
2.3.1辅音(Consonants)32
2.3.2元音(Vowels)36
2.4从语音学到音系学(From Phonetics to Phonology)40
2.4.1音素、音位、音位变体和互补分布(Phone,phoneme,allophone and Complementary Distribution)40
2.4.2音位对立、最小对立体和最小对立集合(Phonemic Contrast,Minimal Pair and Minimal Set)42
2.4.3协同发音(Coarticulation)42
2.5音系过程与音系规则(Phonological Processes and Phonological Rules)43
2.5.1同化(Assimilation)43
2.5.2去浊化和增音(Phonological Processes:Devoicing and Epenthesis)45
2.6区别性特征(Distinctive Features)47
2.7超音段(Suprasegmentals)51
2.7.1音节结构与音节划分(The Syllable Structure and Syllabification)51
2.7.2词重音和句子重音(Word Stress and Sentence Stress)54
2.7.3语调(Intonation)55
2.7.4音调(Tone)56
第三章形态学(Morphonology)59
3.1词的界定(Identification of Word)59
3.2词的构成(Formation of Word)61
3.2.1语素(Morpheme)、语子(Morph),语素变体(Allomorph)和词位(Lexeme)61
3.2.2语素(Morpheme)、义素(Sememe)和音素(Phoneme)62
3.2.3词根(Root),词干(Stem)和词基(Base)63
3.3构词法(Word Formation)65
3.3.1派生法(Derivatio)65
3.3.2复合法(Compound)72
3.3.3缩略法(Abbreviation/Shortening)73
3.3.4混成法/拼缀词(Blending/Portmanteau)74
3.3.5转换法(Conversion)75
3.3.6逆构法(Back-formation)77
3.3.7借词法(Borrowing)78
3.3.8造词法(Invention/Coinage)83
第四章语义学(Semantics)87
4.1利奇的七大词义(Leech’s 7 Types of Meaning)88
4.2语义关系和语义场理论(Semantic Relations and Semantic Field Theory)92
4.2.1词际语义关系(Sense Relations between Words)92
4.2.2语义场理论(Semantic Field Theory)106
4.3“意义”研究观点(Some Views Concerning the Study of Meaning)108
4.3.1命名论(Naming Theory)或指称论(Referential Theory)108
4.3.2概念论(The Conceptualist View)或观念论(Ideational Theory)110
4.3.3行为论(Behaviorist Theory)111
4.3.4功用论(Use Theory)111
4.4意义的分析(Analysis of Meaning)112
4.4.1述谓结构分析(Predication Analysis)112
4.4.2语义成分分析法(Componential Analysis)113
4.5句际含义关系(Sense Relations between Sentences)114
第五章语用学(Pragmatics)116
5.1语用学发展简史(Brief History of Pragmatics)116
5.2句子意义、话语意义和语境意义(Sentence Meaning,Utterance Meaning,Contextual Meaning)117
5.3语用语境(Pragmatic Context)119
5.4言语行为理论(Speech Act Theory)121
5.4.1奥斯汀的言语二分说(Austin’s Dichotomy of Utterances)121
5.4.2奥斯汀的言语行为“三分说”(Austin’s Trichotomy of Speech Acts)122
5.4.3塞尔的言语行为“五分说”(Searle’s Typology of Speech Acts)123
5.4.4间接言语行为(Indirect Speech Acts,ISA)124
5.5人际修辞(Leech’s Interpersonal Rhetoric)126
5.6合作原则(The Cooperative Principle)127
5.6.1合作原则及会话含义(Conversational Implicature)127
5.6.2合作原则及其准则的违背(Violation of CP and Its Maxims)130
5.6.3言外之意的特征(Characteristics of Implicature)139
5.7礼貌原则(Politeness)139
5.7.1“礼貌”的语用界定(Identification of Politeness)139
5.7.2“面子”理论和礼貌策略(Face-Saving Theory and Politeness Strategies)140
5.7.3礼貌原则及其准则(Politeness Principle and Its Maxims)141
5.8新格赖斯发展时代(Neo-Gricean Development)145
5.8.1关联理论(Relevance Theory)145
5.8.2Q-原则、R-原则147
5.8.3列文森三原则:Q-原则、I-原则、M-原则148
第六章第二语言习得(Second Language Acquisition)150
6.1第二语言学习模式(Second Language Learning Models)150
6.2克拉申理论(Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition)151
6.3学习者语言的本质(The Nature of Learner Language)152
6.3.1对比分析(Contrastive Analysis,comparison of L1&L2,1960s)153
6.3.2偏误分析(Error Analysis,analysis of learner errors)156
6.4第二语言习得个体差异(Individual Differences in SLA)161
6.4.1多元智能(Multiple Intelligences)161
6.4.2认知因素(Cognitive Factors)162
6.4.3情感因素(Affective Factors)165
6.4.4习得年龄与关键期假说(Age of Language Acquisition and Critical Period Hypothesis)168
6.4.5学习策略(Learning Strategies)169
参考文献172