大规模储能技术发展路线图

本报告回答了能源清洁化转型需要什么样的储能、需要多少储能、如何应用和评价等3个重要的技术战略问题，为储能技术发展和经济指标提升指明了方向。报告首先梳理了储能技术发展现状，研究了不同应用场景对储能技术的要求，提出了储能匹配度量化指标体系，开展了各应用场景储能技术匹配和配置方法的研究。其次，基于系统运行综合成本优化模型，提出了能源转型过程中大规模储能总体需求和配置的测算方法，测算了2050年全球储能总体需求，分析了影响储能需求总量、技术、成本及配置的主要影响因素，提出了支撑能源清洁转型要求的储能技术经济发展目标。在此基础上，从储能本体、系统集成、运行控制等方面提出了关键技术难点，制订了2035年、2050年的分阶段研发规划和优先行动计划，形成全球能源互联网场景下大规模储能关键技术发展路线图。最后，从储能体系结构、构建过程及广义储能等方面对未来高比例、甚至100%清洁能源系统的储能体系进行了展望。

PREFACE
SUMMARY
1 Roles and Evolution of Energy Storage 001
1.1 Source of regulating capacity 002
1.2 Roles of Energy Storage 004
1.3 Development and Evolution 005
1.3.1Trend of Clean Energy Transition 005
1.3.2Evolution of Energy Storage Forms 007
1.3.3Changing Trend of Regulating Capability 008
2 Current Technology and Application 009
2.1 Current Applications 010
2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage 012
2.2.1Pumped Hydro Storage 012
2.2.2Compressed-air Energy Storage 016
2.2.3Flywheel Energy Storage 020
2.2.4Frontier Technology 021
2.3 Electro-chemical Energy Storage 022
2.3.1Lithium-ion Battery 022
2.3.2Lead Storage Battery 026
2.3.3Flow Battery 028
2.3.4NaS Battery 032
2.3.5Frontier Technology 034
2.4 Electromagnetic Energy Storage 036
2.4.1Supercapacitor 036
2.2.2Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 038
2.5 Chemical Energy Storage 039
2.6 Thermal Storage 046
2.7 System Integration, Operation and Control 052
2.7.1Battery Management System 052
2.7.2Power Conversion System 053
2.7.3Energy Management System 053
2.7.4Operation and Control Technology 054
3 Requirements and Deployment of Energy Storage 055
3.1 Basis of Research 056
3.1.1Regulating Capacity Demand 056
3.1.2Adjustable Power Generation 061
3.1.3Generation Characteristics of RE 062
3.1.4Levelized Cost of Electricity of Renewable Generation 064
3.2 Methodology 066
3.3 Main Application Scenario 068
3.3.1Definitions 068
3.3.1Technical Requirements 074
3.3.2Matching Analysis 076
3.4 Typical Application Scenario Configurations 083
3.4.1Generation Side 083
3.4.2Grid Side 091
3.4.3User Side 094
3.4.4Summary 098
3.5 Total Demand Analysis 099
3.5.1Optimization Method 099
3.5.2Scenario Construction 100
3.5.3Analysis Results 102
3.5.4System Configuration Scheme 108
3.6 Techno-economic Goals 110
4 Development Roadmap 111
4.1 Storage Device Technology 112
4.1.1Development Goals 112
4.1.2Technical Difficulties 114
4.1.3R&D Planning 117
4.2 Integrated Technology 128
4.2.1Development Goals 128
4.2.2Technical Difficulties 128
4.2.3R&D Planning 128
4.3 Planning Techniques 130
4.3.1Development Goals 130
4.3.2Technical Difficulties 130
4.3.3R&D Plan 130
4.4 Operation and Control Technology 132
4.4.1Development Goals 132
4.4.2Technical Difficulties 132
4.4.3R&D Planning 132
4.5 Evaluation and Standards 134
4.5.1Development Goals 134
4.5.2Technical Difficulties 135
4.5.2R&D Plan 135
5 Development Prospect 137
5.1 System Structure 138
5.2 Construction Process 140
5.3 Development Trend 144
5.4 Comprehensive Benefits 145
5.5 Development Initiative 147
Policy-making Institutions 147
Investors 149
Appendix Abbreviations/Definitions 150