导读 iii Abbreviations xx Series Editors’ note xxiv Acknowledgements xxxiii Notes on contributors xxxvi 1 Introduction 1 Lynda Taylor 2 Test taker characteristics 42 Mark Elliott 3 Cognitive validity 89 John Field 4 Context validity 178 Mark Elliott and Judith Wilson 5 Scoring validity 284 Ardeshir Geranpayeh 6 Consequential validity 320 Roger Hawkey 7 Criterion-related validity 355 Gad S. Lim and Hanan Khalifa 8 Conclusions and recommendations 376 Lynda Taylor and Ardeshir Geranpayeh Appendix A：Sample Listening tasks at five levels 399 Appendix B：Candidate Information Sheet (CIS) 450 Appendix C：Standard procedures for the production of Listeningtest materials 452 Appendix D：Administrative setting and management of Listeningtests 459 Appendix E：Cambridge ESOL staff induction worksheet on theCEFR 469 References 471 Subject Index 498
