导读 iii Abbreviations xv Series Editors’ note xix Acknowledgements xxvii Notes on contributors xxx 1 Introduction 1 Lynda Taylor 2 Test taker characteristics 39 Barry O’Sullivan and Anthony Green 3 Cognitive validity 71 John Field 4 Context validity 126 Evelina Galaczi and Angela ffrench 5 Scoring validity 194 Lynda Taylor and Evelina Galaczi 6 Consequential validity 269 Roger Hawkey 7 Criterion-related validity 298 Hanan Khalifa and Angeliki Salamoura 8 Conclusions and recommendations 337 Cyril Weir and Lynda Taylor Appendices Appendix A：Sample Speaking tasks at five levels 363 Appendix B：Candidate Information Sheet (CIS) 376 Appendix C：Standard procedures for the production of Speaking test material 378 Appendix D：Administrative setting and management of the Speaking tests 386 Appendix E：ESOL Staff Induction Worksheet on the CEFR 399 References 401 Subject index 427
