导言 vii Foreword to the second edition xix Preface xxviii Introduction xxxiv CHAPTER I Translators and the invention of alphabets 3 Ulfila, evangelist to the Goths 4 Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture 6 Cyril and Methodius among the Slavs 10 James Evans and the Cree of Canada 14 CHAPTER II Translators and the development of national languages 24 A language for England 25 The emancipation of French 37 Martin Luther: artisan of the German language 45 The flowering of the Swedish language 51 The evolution of the Gbaya language in Cameroon 54 Hebrew: a modern language for Israel 59 CHAPTER III Translators and the emergence of national literatures 71 Joost van den Vondel and the Dutch Golden Age 74 Translating Shakespeare to/on the European Continent 80 Changing sides: the case of Ireland 85 Speaking intimately to the Scottish soul – in translation 90 Jorge Luis Borges and the birth of Argentine literature 95 Translation and cultural exchange in African literatures 99 CHAPTER IV Translators and the dissemination of knowledge 112 China: importing knowledge through translation 115 India: at the crossroads of translation 120 Baghdad: centre of Arabic translation 125 Medieval Spain: cultural exchange and rebirth 130 The Nordic countries: breaking down the barriers of isolation 135 Machine translation: machines as translators? 140 CHAPTER V Translators and the reins of power 151 The Balfour Declaration: "homeland" or "national home"? 153 Medieval translation enterprises from Baghdad to Western Europe 155 Toward multiple centres of power: the case of France 159 Translation as subversion: Italy and the Soviet Union 165 Conquest and colonization in the New World 170 Women translators: England, the Continent and North America 172 When translators wield power 176 Reframing translation in the twenty-first century 178 ……
