目录
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam, 3Background of the Advanced Placement Program, 3Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam? 4The AP Grades and Who Receives Them, 4Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam, 4Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam, 52 How to Plan Your Time, 9Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam, 9Calendar for Each Plan, 11STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam, 18Answers and Explanations, 28Scoring and Interpretation, 32STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 35Multiple-Choice Questions, 35Free-Response Questions, 38STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High,5 Basics, 45Units and Measurements, 46Dimensional Analysis—The Factor Label Method, 47The States of Matter, 48The Structure of the Atom, 48Periodic Table, 52Oxidation Numbers, 55Nomenclature Overview, 55Experimental, 61Common Mistakes to Avoid, 61Review Questions, 62Rapid Review, 676 Reactions and Periodicity, 69AP Exam Format, 70General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations, 70General Properties of Aqueous Solutions, 71Precipitation Reactions, 72Oxidation–Reduction Reactions, 73Coordination Compounds, 77Acid–Base Reactions, 78Experimental, 82Common Mistakes to Avoid, 82Review Questions, 83Rapid Review, 867 Stoichiometry, 88Moles and Molar Mass, 89Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas, 89Reaction Stoichiometry, 91Limiting Reactants, 92Percent Yield, 93Molarity and Solution Calculations, 94Experimental, 95Common Mistakes to Avoid, 95Review Questions, 95Rapid Review, 1018 Gases, 102Kinetic Molecular Theory, 103Gas Law Relationships, 104Experimental, 112Common Mistakes to Avoid, 113Review Questions, 114Rapid Review, 1189 Thermodynamics, 120Calorimetry, 121Laws of Thermodynamics, 123Products Minus Reactants, 123Thermodynamics and Equilibrium, 127Experimental, 128Common Mistakes to Avoid, 128Review Questions, 129Rapid Review, 13310 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons, 134The Nature of Light, 134Wave Properties of Matter, 136Atomic Spectra, 136Atomic Orbitals, 137Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES), 138Experimental, 139Common Mistakes to Avoid, 139Review Questions, 139Rapid Review, 14211 Bonding, 144Lewis Electron-Dot Structures, 145Ionic and Covalent Bonding, 145Molecular Geometry—VSEPR, 149Valence Bond Theory, 151Molecular Orbital Theory, 153Resonance, 154Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties, 155Experimental, 155Common Mistakes to Avoid, 155Review Questions, 156Rapid Review, 15912 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces, 162Structures and Intermolecular Forces, 163The Liquid State, 164The Solid State, 165Phase Diagrams, 167Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes, 169Experimental, 169Common Mistakes to Avoid, 169Review Questions, 169Rapid Review, 17213 Solutions and Colligative Properties, 173Concentration Units, 174Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes, 177Colligative Properties, 177Colloids, 181Experimental, 182Common Mistakes to Avoid, 182Review Questions, 182Rapid Review, 18614 Kinetics, 188Rates of Reaction, 189Integrated Rate Laws, 192Activation Energy, 193Reaction Mechanisms, 194Catalysts, 195Experimental, 195Common Mistakes to Avoid, 196Review Questions, 197Rapid Review, 20115 Equilibrium, 203Equilibrium Expressions, 205Le Chatelier’s Principle, 206Acid–Base Equilibrium, 207Buffers, 215Titration Equilibria, 216Solubility Equilibria, 220Other Equilibria, 222Experimental, 222Common Mistakes to Avoid, 223Review Questions, 223Rapid Review, 22916 Electrochemistry, 231Redox Reactions, 232Electrochemical Cells, 232Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry, 237Nernst Equation, 239Experimental, 240Common Mistakes to Avoid, 240Review Questions, 241Rapid Review, 24517 Nuclear Chemistry, 247Nuclear Reactions, 247Nuclear Stability, 249Nuclear Decay Calculations, 250Mass–Energy Relationships, 251Common Mistakes to Avoid, 252Review Questions, 252Rapid Review, 25418 Organic Chemistry, 255Alkanes, 256Structural Isomerism, 258Common Functional Groups, 259Macromolecules, 261Experimental, 261Common Mistakes to Avoid, 261Review Questions, 262Rapid Review, 26519 Experimental Investigation, 266Experiment 1: Spectroscopy, 267Experiment 2: Spectrophotometry, 270Experiment 3: Gravimetric Analysis, 271Experiment 4: Titration, 272Experiment 5: Chromatography, 273Experiment 6: Determination of the Type of Bonding in Solid Samples, 274Experiment 7: Stoichiometry, 275Experiment 8: Redox Titration, 276Experiment 9: Chemical and Physical Changes, 277Experiment 10: Kinetics, 278Experiment 11: Rate Laws, 279Experiment 12: Calorimetry, 280Experiment 13: Chemical Equilibrium—Le Chatelier’s Principle, 280Experiment 14: Acid-Base Titrations, 281Experiment 15: Buffer pH, 282Experiment 16: The Capacity of a Buffer, 282Common Mistakes to Avoid, 283Review Questions, 283Rapid Review, 285STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking ConfidenceAP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, 289AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, 317AppendixesSI Units, 347Balancing Redox Equations Using the Ion-Electron Method, 349Common Ions, 353Bibliography, 356Web Sites, 357Glossary, 358Avoiding “Stupid Mistakes” on the Free-Response Section, 367Exam Resources, 369