拍摄者

不同于死板的教科书，本书是启发性的读物，主要用来阐述拍摄、制作中的理念和思维方式，给读者更多的发挥空间来表现其自己的风格。绝不是一本洗碗机说明书般平淡的普通摄像书籍！这本机智幽默的《拍摄者》，在第3版中讨论了2D拍摄者和3D拍摄者的原则和纪律，从清晰明确的视点和视线，到镜头和色彩矩阵的选择对情绪的影响，可谓事无巨细。你将会学习如何避免平庸的镜头和拍摄角度，学习化繁为简的排除原则，学会对画框的充分控制。你将会学到如何通过特写镜头推动故事发展，学会如何构图，学会如何利用简单的照明来控制观众的注意力。你要学习的这些内容并不简单，但通过不断挑战挑剔的观众，你终会提高自身的价值和你作为一名手艺人的声誉。

《拍摄者》第3版中的新内容如下： 立体拍摄技术：拍摄和制作立体内容的基础知识，以简单集成式立体摄录一体机为主。 数码单反拍摄技术：如何让这种大传感器摄像机在尽可能少的代价下获取到zui好的图像。 后期图像调整，数字滤镜、稳定器。 输出节目为Web或DVD。 思考拍摄者的职业前景——如何鉴别和获取理想的工作，如何与自大狂合作。 问答和复习内容——在每章结束后加入问答和复习内容。 无论你使用的是复杂的4K摄影机、大尺寸传感器数码单反、还是iPhone，《拍摄者》第3版中的内容都会让你受益匪浅，它能帮你把自己的设备性能zui大化，并提升你的故事讲述技巧。

作者BARRY BRAVERMAN是一位有着30多年电视纪录片和电影故事片拍摄经验的老牌摄影师。他的作品包括韦斯?安德森的《月升王国》（2012）、《穿越大吉岭》（2007）、国家地理频道的专题片、HBO“抢先看”和CBS星期天早新闻等。他同时也是好莱坞电影摄影师公会会员，并在世界各地举办2D和3D拍摄研讨会。他现在居住在美国加州斯蒂迪奥城。

第一章  拍摄者的视角 .......................................................................... 1 1.1  观点 ...........................................................................................................2 1.2  不再追逐彩虹 ............................................................................................3 1.3  学会身兼数职 ............................................................................................4 1.4  掌握专业技能 ............................................................................................6 1.5  新观念 .......................................................................................................8 1.6  现在人人都是拍摄者 ..................................................................................8 1.7  雇用你的客户 ............................................................................................9 1.8  你已经拥有足够的能力 ............................................................................10 第二章  让我给你讲个故事 .................................................................. 11 2.1  如何才能把故事讲好？ ............................................................................13 2.2  清楚自己影片的类型并确保观众们也知道 ...............................................13 2.3  你的海报什么样？ ...................................................................................15 2.4  了解自己的海报简述文字 ........................................................................16 2.5  积极面对条件 ...................................................................................17 2.6  电影成功的原因各异 ................................................................................18 2.7  你的相对优势 ..........................................................................................18 2.8  你的取景 ..........................................................................................19 2.9  了解自己摄影机的动态范围 .....................................................................20 2.10  在魔幻时刻拍摄 .....................................................................................21 2.11  真实性很重要 ........................................................................................21 2.12  故事永不停歇 ........................................................................................22 2.13  职业道德很重要 .....................................................................................23 第三章  用镜头讲故事 ....................................................................... 25 3.1  现在对作品的要求仍然很高 .....................................................................25 3.2  给世界加个框 ..........................................................................................26 3.3  排除，排除，排除！ ................................................................................27 3.4  让观众们受点儿苦 ...................................................................................28 3.5  独特的视角 ..............................................................................................32 3.6  模糊、隐藏和遮挡 ...................................................................................33 3.7  关于透视 ..................................................................................................34 3.8  箱式梁桥 ..................................................................................................36 3.9  三分法 .....................................................................................................37 3.10  黄金画幅比 ............................................................................................39 3.11  引起不适 ................................................................................................39 3.12  拍摄的地方是什么类型？ ......................................................................40 3.13  拥抱经典理论 ........................................................................................41 3.14  手艺很重要 ............................................................................................43 3.15  用特写讲故事 ........................................................................................44 3.16  迂回出击 ................................................................................................46 3.17  保持拍摄尺寸一致性 ..............................................................................46 3.18  视线的力量 ............................................................................................47 3.19  拍摄不完美的对象 .................................................................................48 3.20  故事里的故事 ........................................................................................49 3.21  学会用背景讲故事 .................................................................................50 3.22  我们都是说谎的骗子 ..............................................................................51 3.23  弄清楚自己想要什么 ..............................................................................52 3.24  与特别自我的人一起工作 ......................................................................54 第四章  摄影师的工具箱 .................................................................... 57 4.1  你有很多选择 ..........................................................................................57 4.2  摄像机的变革 ..........................................................................................58 4.3  扫描方式的选择 .......................................................................................61 4.4  2K、4K，以及更高的分辨率 ....................................................................63 4.5  努力突破技术局限 ...................................................................................64 4.6  了解你需要的知识 ...................................................................................65 4.7  技术问题当然重要 ...................................................................................66 4.8  世界的本质 ..............................................................................................66 4.9  脑中的处理器 ..........................................................................................67 4.10  让我们体验一下模拟 ..............................................................................67 4.11  改善数字记录的质量 ..............................................................................68 4.12  一些小知识 ............................................................................................69 4.13  10-bit 工作流程 ....................................................................................71 4.14  你的摄影机符合“10 分钟法则”吗？ ...................................................75 4.15  了解传感器 ............................................................................................77 4.16  在某种程度上，传感器尺寸很重要 ........................................................78 4.17  分辨率的诡计 ........................................................................................79 4.18  人类感知分辨率的极限 ..........................................................................81 4.19  这种数字游戏接近尾声了吗？ ...............................................................81 4.20  网格里的像素 ........................................................................................82 4.21  三片式传感器VS 单片式传感器 .............................................................83 4.22  为什么要压缩？ .....................................................................................84 4.23  出于实际考虑 ........................................................................................85 4.24  冗余，冗余 ............................................................................................86 4.25  你不会错过那些你看不见的东西 ............................................................87 4.26  帧间压缩与帧内压缩 ..............................................................................88 4.27  选择帧速率 ............................................................................................90 4.28  为什么帧频有些不靠谱—是24p 但又不是24p ..................................91 4.29  24p 的种种好处 .....................................................................................93 4.30  现在你能拍摄24p 了 .............................................................................93 4.31  如果你依然喜欢SD 标清 .......................................................................95 4.32  注意了，落伍者们！ ..............................................................................95 4.33  曾几何时 ................................................................................................96 第五章  用数码单反DSLR 讲故事 ...................................................... 99 5.1  性能的问题 ..............................................................................................99 5.2  它并不是摄像机 .....................................................................................100 5.3  不只是低光照能力 .................................................................................100 5.4  负荷削减 ................................................................................................101 5.5  参数设置 ................................................................................................103 5.6  果冻效应 ................................................................................................104 5.7  浅景深：是好事还是坏事？ ...................................................................105 5.8  操控方面的挑战 .....................................................................................106 5.9  监看与回放 ............................................................................................107 5.10  声音功能不健全 ...................................................................................108 5.11  开始工作 ..............................................................................................110 第六章  观察世界的窗口 ................................................................... 113 6.1  控制画面空间 ........................................................................................114 6.2  是否需要讨好拍摄对象 ..........................................................................115 6.3  把创作工具用到很好 ..............................................................................115 6.4  推拉变焦拍摄 ........................................................................................117 6.5  警惕可疑的标称值 .................................................................................118 6.6  光学变焦VS 数码变焦 ...........................................................................120 6.7  更广、更远 ............................................................................................121 6.8  低档镜头的现状 .....................................................................................122 6.9  为何廉价的镜头看起来档次低？ ............................................................124 6.10  对小光孔说不 ......................................................................................125 6.11  为什么一体式摄像机通常能拍出更好的画面 ........................................125 6.12  色像差补偿 ..........................................................................................126 6.13  试着和你的普通镜头和平相处 .............................................................126 6.14  找到镜头的很好性能区间 ....................................................................127 6.15  不靠谱的对焦环和变焦环 ....................................................................129 6.16  电影镜头 ..............................................................................................129 6.17  诱惑力和纠结的根源 ............................................................................130 6.18  过大的景深 ..........................................................................................130 6.19  镜头适配器 ..........................................................................................132 第七章  立体拍摄者 ......................................................................... 133 7.1  3D 立体的本质 .......................................................................................133 7.2  立体是一种技术障眼法 ..........................................................................135 7.3  深度线索 ................................................................................................136 7.4  平面视觉深度线索 .................................................................................137 7.5  立体视觉深度线索 .................................................................................139 7.6  轴距VS 瞳距 .........................................................................................141 7.7  汇聚面应该设置在哪儿？ ......................................................................143 7.8  立体摄像机设置 .....................................................................................145 7.9  避免“耐药性”问题 ..............................................................................146 7.10  屏幕尺寸至关重要 ...............................................................................148 7.11  正确获得视差 ......................................................................................149 7.12  窗口干涉 ..............................................................................................150 7.13  关于立体故事的思考 ............................................................................150 7.14  圆度因素 ..............................................................................................151 7.15  抛弃特别的2D 拍摄方式 .....................................................................152 7.16  裸眼立体是大势所趋 ............................................................................154 7.17  立体就此止步了吗？ ............................................................................155 7.18  立体的后期制作与输出 ........................................................................156 7.19  立体再次来袭！ ...................................................................................158 7.20  2D 转3D .............................................................................................159 7.21  制片工艺的进化 ...................................................................................159 7.22  展现未曾见过的世界 ............................................................................160 第八章  掌握与控制 ......................................................................... 161 8.1  谁会需要全自动？ .................................................................................162 8.2  打倒自动曝光 ........................................................................................162 8.3  “中国姑娘” ........................................................................................165 8.4  驾驭波形图 ............................................................................................166 8.5  考虑快门问题 ........................................................................................167 8.6  同步快门 ................................................................................................168 8.7  帧速率与故事的关系 ..............................................................................169 8.8  聚焦在重要的对象上 ..............................................................................170 8.9  这些人并不是演员 .................................................................................170 8.10  分辨率越高对焦越难！ ........................................................................171 8.11  跟焦 .....................................................................................................173 8.12  故事的白平衡 ......................................................................................174 8.13  到底用不用预置白平衡 ........................................................................174 8.14  设置手动白平衡 ...................................................................................176 8.15  不可理喻的自动白平衡 ........................................................................177 8.16  自动黑平衡 ..........................................................................................178 8.17  没有增益，就没有痛苦 ........................................................................179 8.18  控制好噪点 ..........................................................................................180 8.19  时码的沼泽地 ......................................................................................181 8.20  串行数字接口与高清晰度多媒体接口 ..................................................183 8.21  互连性与视频流 ...................................................................................184 8.22  监看你的工作 ......................................................................................185 8.23  更长时间的续航 ...................................................................................186 8.24  驾驭杂乱的取景器 ...............................................................................188 8.25  逐格摄影与延时摄影 ............................................................................189 8.26  神奇的预录制功能 ...............................................................................190 8.27  循环录制功能 ......................................................................................191 8.28  在特别环境下进行拍摄 ........................................................................191 8.29  拍摄狂热的生命和野生动物 .................................................................193 第九章  调整拍摄的图像 ................................................................... 195 9.1  开始创建自己的画面风格 ......................................................................196 9.2  主消隐电平: 定义黑色 ...........................................................................197 9.3  标清的遗产 ............................................................................................198 9.4  了解你摄像机的动态范围 ......................................................................198 9.5  设置伽马值 ............................................................................................199 9.6  留意高光部分 ........................................................................................200 9.7  自动拐点 ................................................................................................200 9.8  控制色度 ................................................................................................201 9.9  色彩矩阵 ................................................................................................202 9.10  使用滤镜 ..............................................................................................203 9.11  物理滤镜 ..............................................................................................203 9.12  最后再考虑使用滤镜 ............................................................................204 9.13  为任务量身打造 ...................................................................................205 9.14  中密度滤镜（ND） ..............................................................................205 9.15  偏光滤镜 ..............................................................................................206 9.16  天空的控制 ..........................................................................................207 9.17  高对比度的困惑 ...................................................................................208 9.18  柔光滤镜 ..............................................................................................209 9.19  CHRISTIAN DIOR 来帮忙 ....................................................................212 9.20  遮光斗 .................................................................................................212 9.21  如何叠加滤镜 ......................................................................................214 9.22  暖色滤镜 ..............................................................................................215 9.23  雾化滤镜 ..............................................................................................215 9.24  后期制作 ..............................................................................................215 9.25  根据需要选择后期插件 ........................................................................216 9.26  颜色校正 ..............................................................................................217 9.27  拍摄者要对自己负责！ ........................................................................219 第十章  照亮你的故事 ...................................................................... 221 10.1  由小见大 ..............................................................................................222 10.2  拍摄者必须能独当一面 ........................................................................224 10.3  LED 照明时代已经来临 ........................................................................225 10.4  HMI 照明：昂贵但物有所值 ................................................................227 10.5  荧光灯和绿光瘟疫 ...............................................................................228 10.6  大范围柔光 ..........................................................................................230 10.7  使用软光是关键 ...................................................................................230 10.8  选择软光 ..............................................................................................231 10.9  控制溢光 ..............................................................................................232 10.10  柔光的艺术 ........................................................................................232 10.11  色纸 ...................................................................................................233 10.12  标准布光 ............................................................................................234 10.13  正面和中间照明 .................................................................................235 10.14  用好辅助光 ........................................................................................235 10.15  机载照明灯 ........................................................................................236 10.16  分层照明 ............................................................................................237 10.17  给绿屏照明 ........................................................................................237 10.18  绿屏为什么是绿色？ ..........................................................................238 10.19  绿屏的替代品 ....................................................................................240 10.20  照明控制 ............................................................................................240 10.21  镂板 ...................................................................................................241 10.22  束光筒 ...............................................................................................242 10.23  固定工具 ............................................................................................243 10.24  胶带 ...................................................................................................243 10.25  百宝囊 ...............................................................................................244 10.26  照明= 手艺+ 创意 ............................................................................245 第十一章  支撑起你的故事 ............................................................... 249 11.1  云台 .....................................................................................................250 11.2  三脚架 .................................................................................................253 11.3  其他摄像机支撑系统 ............................................................................255 11.4  安装在任何地方 ...................................................................................260 11.5  你拍故你在 ..........................................................................................260 第十二章  聆听你的故事 ...................................................................263 12.1  没有录音师？ ......................................................................................264 12.2  录音建议 ..............................................................................................264 12.3  差劲的连接= 差劲的声音 ....................................................................265 12.4  平衡音频 ..............................................................................................266 12.5  调音台 .................................................................................................267 12.6  设置音频电平 ......................................................................................268 12.7  麦克风 .................................................................................................269 12.8  枪式麦克风（指向式麦克风） .............................................................269 12.9  无线连接 ..............................................................................................270 12.10  话筒挑杆 ............................................................................................271 12.11  音频降噪 ............................................................................................272 12.12  双系统录音：有必要吗？ ..................................................................272 12.13  环绕声 ...............................................................................................273 12.14  有时候“凑合”也不错 ......................................................................274 第十三章  顺应潮流 .........................................................................277 13.1  不再只有一种工作流程 ........................................................................278 13.2  MXF 的前景 .........................................................................................279 13.3  元数据之美 ..........................................................................................280 13.4  现在我们不必那么担忧了 ....................................................................281 13.5  SSD 的出现 .........................................................................................282 13.6  代理视频与iPhone ..............................................................................283 13.7  输出你的故事 ......................................................................................284 13.8  DVD 的衰落 .........................................................................................285 13.9  关注图像编码 ......................................................................................286 13.10  编码器的性格 ....................................................................................287 13.11  被诅咒的问题场景 .............................................................................287 13.12  视频降噪势在必行 .............................................................................288 13.13  了解编码模式 ....................................................................................289 13.14  BLU-RAY 蓝光，还有谁？ ................................................................289 13.15  来到云端 ............................................................................................290 13.16  归档的挑战 ........................................................................................291 后记  世上并没有“一键优化到优选”功能 .......................................... 293 1. 谨慎对待炒作 .............................................................................................294 2. 拒绝复杂 ....................................................................................................295 3. 观影的未来 .................................................................................................296 4. 变革已经到来 .............................................................................................296 5. 这是个弱肉强食的世界 ...............................................................................297