人机交互设计/单美贤

以计算机为主的现代技术之飞速发展，为用户提供了丰富多样的体验，人机交互设计的研究得到了广泛的关注。本书从人机交互的基本概念入手，以交互设计流程为依据，详细介绍了需求分析、架构设计、开发支持和测试优化过程等方面的知识。本书关注以人为本的用户需求，从可用性和用户体验两个层面上进行分析，引导读者关注交互设计原则、建立以用户为中心的设计理念。

第1 章什么是人机交互技术············································································（1）
1.1 人机交互技术····································································································· （1）
1.1.1 人机交互技术的发展史················································································ （2）
1.1.2 人机交互技术的发展方向············································································· （3）
1.1.3 相关概念的理解························································································· （4）
1.2 交互设计与用户体验···························································································· （6）
1.2.1 拙劣的设计······························································································· （7）
1.2.2 为体验而设计···························································································· （8）
1.2.3 用户体验·································································································· （9）
1.2.4 用户体验的实现方法：UCD·········································································· （9）
1.2.5 以用户为中心的设计的要点········································································ （10）
1.3 交互设计目标··································································································· （11）
1.3.1 可用性目标····························································································· （12）
1.3.2 用户体验目标·························································································· （12）
1.4 交互设计的方法································································································ （13）
1.4.1 以人为本的设计理念················································································· （14）
1.4.2 以活动为中心的设计················································································· （15）
1.4.3 任务、活动和目标的区别··········································································· （15）
1.4.4 以目标为导向的设计················································································· （16）
1.5 交互设计过程概览····························································································· （16）
1.5.1 需求分析阶段·························································································· （17）
1.5.2 框架定义阶段·························································································· （18）
1.5.3 开发支持阶段·························································································· （18）
1.5.4 测试与优化阶段······················································································· （18）
第 2 章交互设计理论基础············································································· （20）
2.1 涉及的相关学科································································································ （20）
2.1.1 心理学··································································································· （21）
2.1.2 人体工程学····························································································· （26）
2.1.3 计算机科学····························································································· （27）
2.1.4 社会学··································································································· （28）
·VI·
2.1.5 美学······································································································ （29）
2.2 交互设计中的认知因素······················································································· （30）
2.2.1 感知因素································································································ （30）
2.2.2 视觉因素································································································ （31）
2.2.3 注意因素································································································ （33）
2.2.4 记忆因素································································································ （34）
2.2.5 思维因素································································································ （34）
2.3 交互设计中的情感因素······················································································· （35）
2.3.1 用户与情感的多样性················································································· （35）
2.3.2 界面（表现力）与情感·············································································· （36）
2.3.3 情感化设计····························································································· （37）
2.4 系统模型和用户模型·························································································· （40）
2.4.1 用户心理模型·························································································· （40）
2.4.2 系统实现模型·························································································· （40）
2.4.3 设计师模型····························································································· （41）
2.4.4 分级设计································································································ （42）
第 3 章用户研究························································································· （44）
3.1 研究用户的目的································································································ （44）
3.1.1 三种用户································································································ （45）
3.1.2 用户特征································································································ （46）
3.2 需求收集和需求分析·························································································· （46）
3.2.1 对需求的理解·························································································· （47）
3.2.2 需求活动过程·························································································· （48）
3.2.3 需求收集：用户试验················································································· （48）
3.2.4 需求的优先权分析···················································································· （49）
3.3 目标分析········································································································· （50）
3.3.1 三种用户目标·························································································· （50）
3.3.2 其他类别的目标······················································································· （51）
3.3.3 系统设计目标·························································································· （53）
第 4 章用户研究方法··················································································· （55）
4.1 用户访谈········································································································· （55）
4.1.1 设计问题和计划访谈················································································· （55）
4.1.2 非结构化访谈·························································································· （56）
4.1.3 结构化访谈····························································································· （57）
4.1.4 半结构化访谈·························································································· （57）
·VII·
4.1.5 集体访谈································································································ （57）
4.1.6 其他形式的访谈······················································································· （58）
4.2 用户观察········································································································· （59）
4.2.1 目标、问题····························································································· （59）
4.2.2 观察什么、何时观察················································································· （60）
4.2.3 观察方法································································································ （61）
4.2.4 如何观察································································································ （62）
4.2.5 间接观察：追踪用户的活动········································································ （69）
4.2.6 分析、解释和表示数据·············································································· （71）
4.3 其他类型的研究································································································ （73）
4.3.1 焦点小组································································································ （74）
4.3.2 市场统计和市场划分················································································· （74）
4.3.3 卡片分类································································································ （75）
4.3.4 任务分析································································································ （75）
第 5 章人物角色的创建与运用······································································· （77）
5.1 人物角色········································································································· （77）
5.1.1 人物角色不是什么···················································································· （77）
5.1.2 使用人物角色的目的················································································· （78）
5.1.3 人物角色的好处······················································································· （79）
5.2 人物角色的创建································································································ （80）
5.2.1 创建人物角色的方法················································································· （80）
5.2.2 人物角色组成元素···················································································· （83）
5.2.3 确定人物角色的优先级别··········································································· （84）
5.2.4 人物角色设计的评价标准··········································································· （86）
5.2.5 如何应用人物角色···················································································· （86）
5.3 场景剧本········································································································· （87）
5.3.1 情境场景剧本·························································································· （87）
5.3.2 场景剧本的经典元素················································································· （89）
第 6 章从需求到设计··················································································· （90）
6.1 定义功能和数据元素·························································································· （90）
6.1.1 什么是功能和数据···················································································· （90）
6.1.2 发散和收敛的过程···················································································· （91）
6.1.3 10 加10：收敛设计漏斗············································································· （92）
6.2 交互设计原则··································································································· （93）
6.2.1 设计价值································································································ （93）
·VIII·
6.2.2 用户体验设计原则···················································································· （95）
6.2.3 好的交互设计评价标准原则········································································ （97）
6.3 交互设计模式··································································································· （99）
6.3.1 什么是交互设计模式················································································· （99）
6.3.2 交互设计模式的类型················································································ （100）
6.3.3 交互设计模式的应用注意·········································································· （101）
第 7 章信息架构 ····················································································· （102）
7.1 初识信息架构·································································································· （102）
7.1.1 架构原则与结构······················································································ （102）
7.1.2 什么是信息架构······················································································ （103）
7.1.3 信息架构梳理························································································· （104）
7.2 信息架构设计方法：卡片分类法·········································································· （104）
7.2.1 层次结构的设计······················································································ （105）
7.2.2 封闭式卡片分类法··················································································· （106）
7.2.3 开放式卡片分类法··················································································· （107）
7.2.4 Delphi 卡片分类法··················································································· （107）
7.3 好的信息架构设计应具备的特点·········································································· （108）
7.3.1 与“产品目标”和“用户需求”相对应························································ （108）
7.3.2 具有一定的延展性··················································································· （108）
7.3.3 保证分类标准的一致性、相关性和独立性····················································· （109）
7.3.4 有效平衡信息架构的“广度”和“深度” ····················································· （109）
7.3.5 使用“用户语言”，同时需避免“语义歧义或不解” ······································ （110）
第 8 章界面设计························································································ （111）
8.1 视觉界面设计概述···························································································· （111）
8.1.1 视觉设计过程························································································· （111）
8.1.2 视觉界面设计的组成要素·········································································· （112）
8.2 交互界面的设计原则························································································· （114）
8.2.1 对齐····································································································· （114）
8.2.2 一致性·································································································· （116）
8.2.3 强调····································································································· （118）
8.2.4 重复····································································································· （120）
8.2.5 映射····································································································· （122）
8.2.6 沉浸····································································································· （123）
8.2.7 功能可见性···························································································· （124）
8.2.8 条件反射······························································································· （125）
·IX·
8.2.9 干扰效应······························································································· （127）
8.2.10 容易识别······························································································ （128）
8.2.11 容易使用······························································································ （130）
8.2.12 美观实用效应························································································ （132）
8.2.13 图像符号······························································································ （134）
8.2.14 图形-背景关系······················································································· （137）
8.2.15 色彩原理······························································································ （139）
8.3 视觉界面设计实践原则······················································································ （142）
8.3.1 模拟····································································································· （142）
8.3.2 80/20 法则······························································································ （143）
8.3.3 费茨定律······························································································· （145）
8.3.4 席克定律······························································································· （146）
8.3.5 神奇数字7±2 法则··················································································· （147）
8.3.6 接近法则······························································································· （147）
8.3.7 泰思勒定律···························································································· （148）
8.3.8 新乡重夫：防错原则················································································ （149）
8.3.9 奥卡姆剃刀···························································································· （149）
8.3.10 图片优势······························································································ （150）
8.3.11 大草原偏爱··························································································· （151）
8.3.12 由上而下光源偏爱·················································································· （152）
8.4 三大设计风格·································································································· （154）
8.4.1 拟物化设计···························································································· （154）
8.4.2 扁平化设计···························································································· （155）
8.4.3 卡片式设计···························································································· （158）
第 9 章设计与制作原型··············································································· （160）
9.1 概念模型········································································································ （161）
9.1.1 基于活动的概念模型················································································ （162）
9.1.2 基于对象的概念模型················································································ （163）
9.1.3 界面比拟······························································································· （164）
9.2 原型·············································································································· （165）
9.2.1 原型的作用和好处··················································································· （166）
9.2.2 低保真与高保真······················································································ （166）
9.3 原型的制作方法······························································································· （167）
9.3.1 草图设计······························································································· （168）
9.3.2 用PPT 设计草图····················································································· （169）
9.4 线框图··········································································································· （169）
·X·
9.4.1 什么是线框图························································································· （169）
9.4.2 为何要用线框图······················································································ （170）
9.4.3 线框图类型···························································································· （170）
9.4.4 线框图、原型和视觉稿的区别···································································· （171）
9.5 Axure RP 介绍·································································································· （172）
9.5.1 Axure RP ······························································································· （172）
9.5.2 Axure 的工作环境···················································································· （173）
9.5.3 初级互动设计························································································· （174）
9.5.4 使用Master 模块····················································································· （176）
9.5.5 输出网站/AP 原型···················································································· （177）
9.5.6 输出规格文件（Word） ············································································ （178）
第 10 章可用性评估··················································································· （179）
10.1 可用性·········································································································· （179）
10.1.1 可用性的定义························································································ （179）
10.1.2 产品失败的原因····················································································· （180）
10.1.3 产品使用背景························································································ （180）
10.1.4 为体验而设计：使用第一········································································· （180）
10.2 可用性评估···································································································· （181）
10.2.1 形成性评估和总结性评估········································································· （181）
10.2.2 分析法和实验法····················································································· （181）
10.3 启发评估法···································································································· （182）
10.3.1 启发式评估十原则·················································································· （182）
10.3.2 启发式评估法的实施步骤········································································· （184）
10.3.3 启发式评估法的局限性············································································ （186）
10.4 用户测试······································································································· （187）
10.4.1 用户测试的基础理论··············································································· （187）
10.4.2 具有代表性的测试方法············································································ （188）
10.4.3 用户测试的实践基础··············································································· （190）
第 11 章实践中的交互设计·········································································· （192）
11.1 敏捷设计：注重协作与交互··············································································· （192）
11.1.1 传统交互设计流程·················································································· （192）
11.1.2 敏捷UX 简史························································································ （193）
11.1.3 敏捷UX 的理论基础··············································································· （193）
11.1.4 敏捷UX 的基本原则··············································································· （194）
11.1.5 敏捷UX 与传统交互设计的区别································································ （195）
·XI·
11.2 精益设计：做事比分析更重要············································································ （195）
11.2.1 精益设计的三大基础··············································································· （195）
11.2.2 精益设计的基本理念··············································································· （197）
11.2.3 实例···································································································· （198）
11.3 通用设计······································································································· （199）
11.3.1 什么是通用设计····················································································· （199）
11.3.2 通用设计的发展过程··············································································· （200）
11.3.3 通用设计的原则····················································································· （200）
11.3.4 作为适配性界面设计的通用设计································································ （201）
11.3.5 未来的交互界面····················································································· （202）