摘要
第五节 细节题
★ 考查形式
The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?
A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
D. Before the early 1900’s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.
这就是细节题的考查形式,根据某个段落或者某句话来作答,一般都是对文章的具体内容、细节内容进行提问。其常用的题干有:
(1)According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of A?
(2)The author’s description of A mentions which of the following?
(3)According to the paragraph, A occurred because…
(4)According to the paragraph, A did B because…
(5)According to the paragraph, why did A do B?
这五个题干是*常用的,从3-5题干可以看出,托福阅读*惯于考查文章的因果关系,除此之外,也有可能考查时间、地点、方式、用处、意义等。
★ 题目特点
(1)细节题是托福阅读*大的题型,平均每篇文章3-6道;
(2)所见即所得,只需要读懂文章内容即可做题。
★ 考查内容
(1)关键信息定位能力,即读完题干后能尽快在文中锁定位置,找到题目和答案的出处;
(2)重要内容理解能力,即锁定位置以后,要能完整准确理解文章中该句话或者该段落的内容,尤其能从复杂的句子中捕捉到逻辑关系。
(3)当句子中出现新时间、新地点、新情况以及逻辑关系的时候,往往会出现考点。
总而言之,细节题的考查内容比较细,一般都考查一句话或者一段话的内容,
不需要总结归纳,只需要找到答案所在位置,之后读懂句子就可以做对题目。
★ 答题原则
从文中获取答案。
这是细节题*重要的答题原则,所见即所得,必须从文中找到,不能推断,不能根据自己的知识储备进行猜测,要充分理解文意,根据文章内容做题。
所有的答案都在文章中有显性或浅显性表述(不需要深入推断)。
正确选项特点
(1)原文重现;
(2)原文改写。
错误选项特点
(1)无中生有,即原文中根本没有提到该内容;
(2)张冠李戴,即文中确实提到了,但并不是题干所问的内容;
(3)程度加深或范围扩大,如原文说的是a few,选项则说none,就是程度加深;
(4)虚假比较,即原文确实出现了两者,但是没有进行比较,而选项出现了对比关系。
★ 题目分类
根据题干的问法,细节题可以分为两类:
第1类:直接定位题:(1)Which of the following is true about sth?
(2)Paragraph X supports which of the following statement?
(3)Paragraph X mentioned which of the following statement?
……
这类题干在定位的时候只需要定位关键词sth或者某一段落即可,但是因为关键词较少,所以定位范围可能会比较大,好处是题干容易理解。
第2类:间接定位题:(1)According to paragraph X, A does B because…
(2)According to paragraph X, Why does A do B?
……
这类题干可能是问原因,也可能问结果,甚至可能会问时间、地点、方式、目的等,
题干内容比较复杂,定位比较不容易,但是定位范围比较小,比较利于解题。
1. 直接定位题的答题步骤
步骤1:定位范围较小的题目
Step 1:读懂题干,找定位词;
Step 2:到文中找到定位词**次出现的位置,确定定位范围;
一定是从定位词或其同义词**次出现开始定位,才能确保不丢失相关内容,保证答题的完整性。
Step 3:读懂定位范围的句子作答。
当定位句中出现新时间、新地点、新情况等变化、定义以及逻辑关系的时候,往往会出现考点。
例 1
paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
具体步骤:
Step 1:读懂题干,找定位词;
这是直接定位题,问的是“以下关于Puget Sound地区的白尾鹿哪个表述是正确的”,定位词很好找,是题干中出现的the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound。
Step 2:到文中找到定位词**次出现的位置,确定定位范围;
在**段中the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound**次出现在*后一个句子中,之前的句子是关于黑尾鹿的情况以及白尾鹿和黑尾鹿当年的常见地区的表述。
所以定位范围是在*后一句。
Step 3:读懂定位范围的句子作答。
*后一个句子的意思是“PS地区的白尾鹿早先分布在开阔的草原地区,现在的居住地仅限于哥伦比亚河下游的沼泽和冲积平原上。”
定位句仅此一句,且这个句子中出现新时间(earlier-now),新地点(open prairie country- low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River)的变化,必然有出题点。
与该句子内容相关的选项是D,即“白尾鹿不再居住在它们曾经占据的地方”,意思是居住地发生了变化,与*后一句的时间变化和地点变化都能契合。
A选项说白尾鹿本来就居住在低洼的沼泽地,原文说的是改变以后的居住地是沼泽地,属于与原文相反。B选项说白尾鹿比别的鹿与东华盛顿杂交鹿的关系更近,在原文中没有表述,属于无中生有。C选项说白尾鹿在开阔草原地区取代了黑尾鹿,这在原文中没有表述。原文中并没有说白尾鹿和黑尾鹿之间存在何种关系,只在**句中说了二者同在该地区很普遍。因此,细节题做题无需脑补,只需要根据定位句的内容找到哪一个选项表述的与它内容契合,就可以直接选择正确答案。本题答案:D。