Preface vi
Acknowledgments vill
1. CELLULAR REACTION TO INJURY 1
1.Adaptation to Environmental Stress 1
2.Hypoxic Cell Injury 3
3.Free Radical Injury 4
4.Chemical Cell Injury 4
5.Necrosis 5
6.Apoptosis 6
7.Reversible Cellular Changes and Accumulations 8
8.Disorders Characterized by Abnormalities of Protein Folding 11
Review Test 12
2. INFLAMMATION 17
1. Introduction 17
2.Acute Inflammation 17
3.Chronic Inflammation 24
4.Tissue Repair 26
Review Test 28
3.HEMODYNAMIC DYSFUNCTION 33
1.Hemorrhage 33
2.Hyperemia 33
3.Infarction 34
4.Thrombosis 34
5.Embolism 39
6.Edema 40
7.Shock 41
Review Test 43
4. GENETIC DISORDERS 48
1.Chromosomal Disorders 48
2.Modes of Inheritance of Monogenic Disorders 52
3.Mendelian Disorders 53
4.Balanced Polymorphism 60
5.Polygenic and Multifactorial Disorders 60
6.Disorders of Sexual Differentiation 61
Review Test 62
5. IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION 67
1.Cells of the Immune System 67
2.Cytokines 68
3.Complement System 68
4.Human Leukocyte Antigen System 69
5.Innate versus Acquired Immunity 69
6.Mechanisms of Immune Injury 69
7. Transplantation Immunology 72
8.Immunodeficiency Diseases 73
9.Autoimmunity 76
10.Connective Tissue（Collagen）Diseases 77
11.Amyloidosis 80
Review Test 82
6. NEOPLASIA 87
1. General Considerations 87
2.Classmcation and Nomenclature of Tumors 87
3.Properties of Neoplasms 89
4. Carcinogenesis and Etiology 92
5.Other Neoplastic Disorders with Known DNA Defects 97
6.Grading and Staging 98
Review Test 99
7. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOLOGY 103
1.Physical Injury 103
2.Chemical Abuse 105
3.Environmental Chemical Injuries 107
4.Adverse Effects of Therapeutic Drugs 108
Review Test 110
8. NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS 114
1.Malnutrition 114
2.Vitamins 114
3.Obesity 118
Review Test 119
9. VASCULAR SYSTEM 123
1.Arterial Dlisorders 123
2.Venous Disorders 127
3.Tumors of Blood Vessels 127
4.Vasculitis Syndromes（Vasculitides）128
5.Functional Vascular Disorders 130
6.Hypertension 130
Review Test 133
10.THE HEART 137
1.Ischemic Heart Disease（IHD） 137
2.Rheumatic Fever 139
3.Other Forms of Endocarditis 141
4.Valvular Heart Disease 142
5.Congenital Heart Disease 143
6.Diseases of the Myocardium 145
7.Diseases of the Pericardium 146
8.Tumors of the Heart 147
9.Congestive Heart Failure 147
10.Hypertrophy of the Heart 148
Review Test 150
11.ANEMIA 155
1.General Concepts 155
2.Acute Posthemorrhagic Anemia 155
3.Iron Deficiency Anemia 155
4.Megaloblastic Anemias 157
5.Anemia of Chronic Disease 159
6.Aplastic Anemia 159
7.Myelophthisic Anemia 160
8.Hemolytic Anemias 160
Review Test 167
12. NEOPLASTIC AND PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID SYSTEMS 172
1.Leukemia 172
2.Myeloproliferative Diseases 175
3.Non—Neoplastic Lymphoid Proliferations 177
4.Plasma Cell Disorders 177
5.Lymphoid Neoplasms 179
Review Test 186
13. HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS 192
1.Disorders of Primary Hemostasis 192
2.isorders of Secondary Hemostasis 194
3.Combined Primary and Secondary Hemostatic Defects 195
Review Test 197
14. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 201
1.Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract 201
2.Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract 201
3.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease（COPD） 202
4.Restrictive Pulmonary Disease 205
5.Pulmonary Vascular Disease 210
6.Pulmonary Infection 211
7.Miscellaneous Disorders of the Lungs 215
8.Cancers of the Lung 215
Review Test 219
15. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 225
1.Diseases of the Mouth and law 225
2.Diseases of the Salivary Glands 226
3.Diseases of the Esophagus 228
4.Diseases of the Stomach 230
5.Diseases of the Small Intestine 232
6.Diseases of the Colon 236
7.Diseases of the Appendix 240
Review Test 241
16.LIVER，GALLBLADDER，AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS 247
1.Diseases of the Liver 247
2.Diseases of the Gallbladder 255
3.Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas 256
Review Test 258
……
17.KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT
18.MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND BREAST
20. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
21.SKIN
22. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
23. NERVOUS SYSTEM
24. INTERPRETATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS：LABORATORY STATISTICS
Comprehensive Examination 399
Index 435
摘要
1.The answer is D.A laceration.especially of internal organs.is common in cases of blunt trauma,as in a motor vehicle accident.By definition,a laceration is a jagged tear,often with stretching of the underlving tissue.An incision is a clean cut by a sharp object.as in a clean cut by a surgeon.A contusion is a bruise caused by disruption of underlying blood vessels.A puncture is a deep tubular wound produced by a sharp.thin object.An abrasion is a superficial tearing away of epidermal ceils.
2.The answer is D.Lack of stippling is a characteristic of gunshot wounds inflicted from long distances.In addition.the wounds are often oval with clean margins.Such evidence is more consistent with a homicide than a"staged"suicide.In general.entrance wounds are smaller than exit wounds,which are often irregularly shaped.Stellate-shaped wounds are associated with wounds over bony areas.Wounds from close range,as in a suicide.would be expected to have stippling and tattooing of skin caused by unburned gunpowder.
3.The answer js D.First-and second-degree burns are both partial-thickness burns.Because the findings in this patient reveal both epithelial and dermalinvolvement.the burns are,by definition.second-degree in type.Both third-and fourth-degree burns are classified as full-thickness burns；they entail total destruction ofdermis and epidermis along with underlying skin appendages that normally serve as a source of cells for regen- eration.As such,these wounds require sldn grafting.
