Preface Acknowledgments 1.CELL PHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Cell Membranes Ⅱ.Transport Across Cell Membranes Ⅲ.Osmosis Ⅳ.Diffusion Potential， Resting Membrane Potential， and Action Potential Ⅴ.Neuromuscular and Synaptic Transmission Ⅵ.Skeletal Muscle Ⅶ.Smooth Muscle Ⅷ.Comparison of Skeletal Muscle， Smooth Muscle， and Cardiac Muscle Review Test 2.NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Autonomic Nervous System （ANS） Ⅱ.Sensoru Systems Ⅲ.Motor Systems Ⅳ.Higher Functions of the Cerebral Cortex Ⅴ.Blood—Brain Barrier and Cerebrospinal Fluid （CSF） Ⅵ.Temperature Regulation Review Test 3. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Circuitry of the Cardiovascular System Ⅱ.Hemodynamics Ⅲ.Cardiac Electrophysiology Ⅳ.Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Output Ⅴ.Cardiac Cycle Ⅵ.Regulation of Arterial Pressure Ⅶ.Microcirculation and Lymph Ⅷ.Special Circulations Ⅸ.Integrative Functions of the Cardiovascular System： Gravity， Exercise，and Hemorrhage Review Test 4. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Lung Volumes and Capacities Ⅱ.Mechanics of Breathing Ⅲ.Gas Exchange Ⅳ.Oxygen Transport Ⅴ.CO2Transport Ⅵ.Pulmonary Circulation Ⅶ.V／Q Defects Ⅷ.Control of Breathing Ⅸ.Integrated Responses of the Respiratory System Review Test 5. RENAL AND ACID—BASE PHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Body Fluids Ⅱ.Renal Clearance， Renal Blood Flow （RBF）， and Glomerular Filtration Rate （GFR） Ⅲ.Reabsorption and Secretion Ⅳ.NaCl Regulation Ⅴ.K+ Regulation Ⅵ. Renal Regulation of Urea， Phosphate， Calcium， and Magnesium Ⅶ.Concentration and Dilution of Urine Ⅷ.Renal Hormones Ⅸ.Acid—Base Balance Ⅹ.Diuretics Ⅺ.Integrative Examples Review Test 6.GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY Ⅰ.Structure and Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Ⅱ.Regulatory Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract Ⅲ.Gastrointestinal Motility Ⅳ.Gastrointestinal Secretion Ⅴ.Digestion and Absorption Ⅵ.Liver Physiology Review Test Ⅰ.Overview of Hormones Ⅱ.Cell Mechanisms and Second Messengers Ⅲ.Pituitary Gland （Hypophysis） Ⅳ.Thyroid Gland Ⅴ.Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla Ⅵ.Endocrine Pancreas—Glucagon and Insulin Ⅶ.Calcium Metabolism （Parathyroid Hormone，Vitamin D，Calcitonin） Ⅷ.Sexual Differentiation Ⅸ.Male Reproduction Ⅹ.Female Reproduction Review Test Comprehensive Examination Index
摘要
1.The answer is A (Ⅱ A 1, C).Both types of transport occur down an electrochemical gradient ("downhill") and do not require metabolic energy.Saturability and inhibition by other sugars are characteristic only of carrier-mediated glucose transport； thus, facilitated diffusion is saturable and inhibited by galactose, whereas simple diffusion is not. 2.The answer is D (Ⅳ E 1 a, b, 2 b).During the upstroke of the action potential, the cell depolarizes or becomes less negative.The depolarization is caused by inward current, which is, by definition, the movement of positive charge into the cell.In nerve and in most types of muscle, this inward current is carried by Na+. 3.The answer is D (Ⅳ B).Because the membrane is permeable only to K+ions, K+ will diffuse down its concentration gradient from solution A to solution B, leaving some Cl-ions behind in solution A.A diffusion potential will be created, with solution A negative with respect to solution B.Generation of a diffusion potentialinvolves movement of only a few ions and, therefore, does not cause a change in the concentration of the bulk solutions. 4.The answer is B (Ⅴ B 1-6).Acetylcholine (ACh) is stored in vesicles and is released when an action potentialin the motor nerve opens Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic terminal.ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and opens Na+ and K+ channels in the muscle end Dlate, depolarizing it (but not producing an action potential).Depolarization of the muscle end plate causes local currents in adjacent muscle membrane, depolarizing the membrane to threshold and producing action potentials.
