Preface． Nomenclature Glossary Abbreviations Part I Surface Roughness and Hierarchical Friction Mechanisms 1 Introduction． 1．1 Surfaces and Surface Free Energy 1．2 Mesoscale 1．3 Hierarchy 1．4 Dissipation 1．5 Thbology 1．6 Biomimetics：From Engineering to Biology and Back 2 Rough Surface Topography 2．1 Rough Surface Characterization 2．2 Statistical Analysis of Random Surface Roughness 2．3 Fractal Surface Roughness-． 2．4 Contact ofRough Solid Surfaces 2．5 Surface Modification 2．5．1 Surface Texturing． 2．5．2 Layer Deposition 2．6 Summary 3 Mechanisms of Dry Friction，Their Scaling and Linear Properties 3．1 Approaches to the Multiscale Nature of Fricfion 3．2 Mechanisms ofDry Fricfion 3．2．1 Adhesive Friction． 3．2．2 Deformation ofAsperities 3．2．3 Plastic Yield 3．2．4 Fracture． 3．2．5 Ratchet and Cobblestone Mechanisms 3．2．6 “Third Body”Mechanism 3．2．7 Discussion 3．3 Friction as a Linear Phenomenon 3．3．1 Friction．Controlled bv Real Area of Contact 3．3．2 Fricrion Controlled by Average Surface Slope 3．3．3 Other Explanations of the Linearity of Fricfion 3．3．4 Linearity and the“Small Parameter 3．4 Summary 4 Friction as a Nonlinear Hierarchical Phenomenon． 4．1 Nonlinear Efiects in Dry Fricfion 4．1．1 Nonlinearity of the AmontonsCoulomb Rule 4．1．2 Dynamic Instabilities Associated with the Nonlinearity 4．1．3 Velocity―Dependence and Dynamic Fricfion 4．1．4 Interdependence of the Load．，Size一，and Velocity― Dependence ofthe Coe衔cient Of刚ction 4．1．5 StickSlip Morion 4．1．6 Self-Organized Criticality 4．2 Nonlinearity and Hierarchy 4．3 Heterogeneity．Hierarchy and Energy Dissipation 4．3．1 Ideal VS．RealContact Situations． 4-3．2 Measure of Inhomogeneity and Dissipation at Various Hierarchy Levels 4．3．3 Order-Parameter and Mesoscopic Functional 4．3．4 Kinetics ofthe Atomic―Scale Fricfion 4．4 Mapping of Fricrion at Various Hierarchy Levels 4．5 Summary Part II Solid-Liquid Friction and Superhydrophobicity 5 Solid-Liquid Interaction and Capillary Effects 5．1 Three Phase States ofMatter 5．2 Phase Equilibrium and Stability 5．3 Water Phase Diagram at the Nanoscale 5．4 Surface Free Energy and the Laplace Equation 5．5 ContactAngle andtheYoungEquation 5．6 Kelvin’S Equation． 5．7 Capillary Effects and Stability Issues 5．8 Summary 6 Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity 6．1 The Phenomenon ofSuperhydrophobicity 6．2 Contact Angle Analysis 6．3 Heterogeneous Surfaces and Wenzel and Cassie Equations 6．3．1 Contact Angle with a Rough and Heterogeneous Surfaces 6．3．2 The Cassie-Baxter Equation 6．3．3 Limitations of the Wlenzel and Cassie Equations 6．3．4 Range of Applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie Equations 6．4 Calculation ofthe Contact Angle for Selected Surfaces 6．4．1 TwO．Dimensional Periodic Profiles 6．4．2 Three―Dimensional Surfaces 6．4．3 Surface Optimization forMaximum ContactAngle 6．5 Contact Angle Hysteresis 6．5．1 Origin OftheC0ntactAngleHysteresis 6．5．2 Pinning ofthe Tripie Line 6．5．3 Contact Angle Hysteresis and the Adhesion Hysteresis 6．6 Summary 7 Stability of the Composite Interface，Roughness and Meniscus Force 7．1 DestabilizationoftheCompositeInterface． 7．1．1 Destabilization Due to Capillary and Gravitational Wlaves 7．1．2 Probabilistic Model 7．1．3 Analysis ofRough Profiles 7．1．4 Eflfect ofDroplet Weight 7．2 Contact Angle wim Three―Dimensional Solid Harmonic Surface 7．2．1 Three．Dimensional Harmonic Rough Surface 7．2．2 Calculations oftheCOntactAreas 7．2．3 Metastable States 7．2．4 Overall Contact Angle 7．2．5 Discussion ofResults 7．2．6 The Similarity OfBubbles and Droplets 7．3 CapillaryAdhesionForceDuetOtheMeniscus 7．3．1 SphereinContactwith aSmoothSurface 7．3．2 Multiple―Asperity Contact 7．4 Roughness Optimization 7．5 Effect oftheHierarchicalRoughness 7．5．1 Hierarchical Roughness 7．5．2 Stabilitv of a Composite Interface and Hierarchical Roughness 7．5．3 Hierarchical Roughness 7．5．4 Results and Discussion 7．6 Summary 8 Cassie-Wenzei Wetting Regime Transition． 8．1 The Cassie-Wenzel Transition and the Contact Angle Hysteresis 8．2 Experimental Study of the Cassie―Wenzel Transition 8．3 Wetting as aMultiscalePhenomenon 8．4 Investigation ofWetting as a Phase Transition 8．5 Reversible Superhydrophobicity 8．6 Summary． 9 Underwater Superhydrophobicity and Dynamic Effects 9．1 Superhydrophobicity for the Liquid Flow 9．2 Nanobubbles and Hydrophobic Interaction 9．3 Bouncing Droplets 9．4 Droplet on a Hot Surface：the Leidenfrost Effect 9．5 A Droplet on an Inclined Surface 9．6 Summary Part IH Biological and Biomimetic Surfaces 10 Lotus-EffectandWater-RepellentSurfacesinNature． 10．1 Water-Repellent Plants． 10．2 Characterization of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaf Surfaces 10．2．1 Experimental Techniques 10．2．2 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaves 10．2．3 Contact Angle Measurements． 10．2．4 Surface Characterization Using an Optical Profiler． 10．2．5 LeafCharacterization with an AFM 10．2．6 Adhesion Force and Friction 10．2．7 Role ofthe Hierarchy 10．3 OtherBiological Superhydrophobic Surfaces 10．4 Summary 11 Artificial(Biomimetic)Superhydrophobic Surfaces 11．1 How to Make a Superhydrophobic Surface 11．1．1 Roughening to Create One．Level Structure 11．1．2 Coating to Create One．Level Hydrophobic Structures 11．1．3 Methods to Create Two―Level(Hierarchicall Superhydrophobic Structures 11．2 Experimental Techniques 11．2．1 Contact Angle，Surface Roughness，and Adhesion 11．2．2 MeasurementofDropletEvaporation 11．2．3 Measurement ofContact Angle Using ESEM 11．3 Wetting ofMicro-and Nanopattemed Surfaces 11．3．1 Micro―and Nanopatterned Polymers 11．3．2 Micropatterned Si Surfaces 11．4 Self-cleaning 11．5 Commercially Available Lotus．Effect Products 11．6 Summary 12 Gecko-Effect and Smart Adhesion 12．1 Gecko 12．2 Hierarchical Structure of the Attachment Pads 12．3 Model of Hierarchical Attachment Pads 12．4 Biomimetic Fibrillar Structures 12．5 Self-cleaning 12．6 BiomimeticTapeMadeofArtificialGeckoSkin 12．7 Summary 13 Other Biomimetic Surfaces 13．1 Hierarchical Organization in Biomaterials 13．2 Moth-Eye．Effect 13．3 Shark Skin 13．4 Darkling Beetle 13．5 Water Strider 13．6 Spider Web 13．7 Other Biomimetic Examples 13．8 Summary 14 Outlook References Index
