THE AUTHORS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS /1
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS?/2
1.Linguistics as a Science/2
2.Language and Linguistics/3
3.Origins and Functions of Language/5
4.Spoken and Written Language/8
5.Langue and Parole, Competence and Performance/10
6.Linguistics as a Field of Research/12
7.Different Approaches to Linguistics/13
8.Major Schools of Linguistics/14
CHAPTER 2 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY/20
WHAT ARE SPEECH SOUNDS? /21
1.Sounds and Letters/21
2.Production of Sounds/24
3.Classification of Sounds/26
4.Transcription of Sounds/31
5.Phonetics: Phones and Allophones/33
6.Phonology: Phonemes/34
7.Phonological Rules/36
8.Prosody: Intonation and Stress/38
CHAPTER 3 MORPHOLOGY/44
WHAT ARE WORDS? /45
1.Words and Word Classes/45
2.Morphs, Allomorphs and Morphemes/48
3.Types of Morphemes/49
4.Inflectional and Derivational Morphology/50
5.Word Formation Processes/53
CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX/65
WHAT IS GRAMMAR? /67
1.Grammar: Prescriptive and Descriptive/67
2.Grammaticality, Acceptability and Syntactic Ambiguity/68
3.Syntactic Structures/71
4.Syntactic Categories/74
5.Syntactic Functions/76
6.Types of Sentences/78
7.Types of Clauses/81
CHAPTER 5 SEMANTICS /86
WHAT IS MEANING? /87
1.Meaning, Sense and Reference/87
2.Levels of Meaning: Lexical and Sentential/89
3.Componential Analysis/93
4.Synonymy, Antonymy, Homonymy and Hyponymy/94
5.Entailment, Presupposition, Inconsistency, Contradiction, Tautology and Anomaly / 100
6.Metaphorical Usage/101
7.Idiomatic Usage/104
CHAPTER 6 PRAGMATICS /109
WHAT IS LANGUAGE USE? /110
1.Semantics versus Pragmatics/110
2.Reference and Inference/113
3.Cohesion and Coherence/115
4.Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts /117
5.The Cooperative Principle/119
6.Conversational Implicature/120
7.The Politeness Principle /122
8.Concept of 'Face' /124
CHAPTER 7 LANGUAGE VARIATION /130
WHAT IS LANGUAGE VARIATION? /131
1.Sociolinguistics Language and Society /131
2.Accents and Dialects /132
3.Sociolects or Social Dialects /137
4.Register and Jargon/141
5.Jargon, Slang and Argot/143
6.Slang,Taboo and Euphemisms/144
7.Language and Culture/146
CHAPTER 8 LANGUAGE CHANGE/153
WHAT IS LANGUAGE CHANGE? /154
1.Language and History/154
2.Internal Causes of Language Change/156
3.External Causes of Language Change/158
4.History of English/161
5.Changes in Pronunciation and Spelling/167
6.Changes in Grammar/168
7.Changes in Vocabulary/169
8.Changes in Meaning/171
APPENDIX 1: KEY TO EXERCISES /178
APPENDIX 2.BIBLIOGRAPHY 187
