韩茹凯，Ruqaiya Hasan is Emeritus Professor ofLinguistics and Honorary Professorial Fellow atMacquarie University, Australia, where she hasbeen a faculty member from 1976 to 1994. She hastaught and held visiting positions at internationallyrecognized universities in England, America, andAustralia. Hasan got her PhD degree at Universityof Edinburgh with the research titled "A LinguisticStudy of Contrasting Features in the Style of TwoContemporary English Prose Writers". Workingwithin Halliday's Systemic-functional Linguistics.Hasan has made theoretical contributions tostylistics, discourse analysis, lexis as delicategrammar, sociolinguistics and semantics,publishing in each area as this volume shows. Herrecent publications include Language, Society andConsciousness （edited by Jonathan J.Webster）,Continuing Discourse on Language: FunctionalPerspectives Volume 1 & Volume 2 （co-edited withChristian Matthiessen and Jonathan J. Webster）,and Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society andin Sociolinguistics. A seven-volume series of hercollected works, edited by Jonathan J. Webster, isunder publication by Equinox.
目录
序
Preface
A Timeless Journey: On the Past and Future of Present Knowledge
Section 1 Some Language-Society Relations
Language and Society in a Systemic Functional Perspective
Code, Register and Social Dialect
What Kind of Resource Is Language？
Section 2 Learning and Teaching: 'Socio/Linguistic Aspects
The Ontogenesis of Ideology: An Interpretation of Mother Child Talk
Questions as a Mode of Learning in Everyday Talk
Reading Picture Reading: A Study in Ideology and Inference
Semiotic Mediation and Mental Development in Pluralistic Societies: Some Implications for Tomorrow's Schooling
Section 3 Construing Text in Context
What's Going On: A Dynamic View of Context in Language
Text in the Systemic-Functional Model
The Nursery Tale as a Genre
Coherence and Cohesive Harmony
Section 4 Verbal Art in Systemic Functional Linguistics
Rime and Reason in Literature
Private Pleasure, Public Discourse: Reflections on Engaging with Literature
The Analysis of One Poem: Theoretical Issues in Practice
List of Publications
摘要
Thespecific, therefore, over-rides the general; the personal, the communal.Elaborated code emerges from this type of society. The language thatconstitutes the verbal realization of the elaborated code of behaviour canagain be characterized semantically, again with the implication that thepossible range of crucial formal patterns can be stated by reference to thecrucial characteristics at semantic level. As varieties of a language, theverbal manifestations of these two codes——the restricted and the elaborated——will differ from each other in respect to certain mutually exclusive formalpatterns. If this assertion could be proved false, then there would be no casefor regarding the codes as responsible for leading to varieties in language.
Though the above account is brief, it is hoped that it clarifies therelationship between the social elements and the verbal realizations of the twocodes. Members of different types of societies use different codes;ultimately, the codes differ linguistically in some particular respects onlybecause they reflect the two modes of the living of life. It may be best toelaborate upon this comment by discussing one particular example. It hasbeen shown that in the use of language controlled by the restricted code,there is a much higher frequency of exophoric reference （Hasan 1972;Hawkins 1969）. So far the statement does not appear to be very different innature from the statement that in Cockney English, the initial 'h' is'dropped'. This difference emerges only when we concern ourselves with areasoned explanation of the phenomena referred to in the two seeminglyparallel statements. While it is difficult to find any reason why thephenomenon of 'dropping the initial h' should occur in Cockney but not inthe suburban dialects of London, the higher frequency of exophoric referencein the variety of language controlled by restricted code can be explained.Although this explanation involves a complex set of arguments, it will beuseful to examine it in brief.
The information encoded in an exophoric item is available to animmediate participant of the situation （Hasan 1968）. It is perhaps importantto point out that one does not acquire the status of participant in a speechsituation by simple physical presence at the moment of verbal interaction.Rather, the status is allowed to one if one is in possession of the relevantparameters of the situation which motivate the speech. The use of exophoricreference generally implies an assumption on the speaker's part that the hearerknows what the communication is about in general.
