目录
君子务本。本立而道生――《临沂大学优秀校本教材》总序
前言
Chapter 1 Greek Culture
Introduction
1.History of Ancient Greece
1.1 Age of Aegean Civilization(c.3000-1000BC)
1.2 Dark Age/Homeric Age/Heroic Age(1100-750BC)
1.3 Age of City-States
1.4 Classical Age(500-323BC)
1.5 Hellenistic Age(336-146BC)
2.Culture of Ancient Greece
2.1 Greek Poetry
2.2 Greek Drama
2.3 Historiography
2.4 Greek Mythology
2.5 Greek Philosophy
2.6 Greek Arts and Architecture
2.7 Greek Science
2.8 Greek Religion
2.9 Olympics
3.Conclusion
Chapter 2 Roman Culture
Introduction
1.History of Rome
1.1 Founding of Rome
1.2 The Roman Republie(509-264BC)
1.3 Roman Empire(27BC-476AD)
1.4 Eastern Roman Empire(395-1453)
2.Roman Culture
2.1 Latin
2.2 Roman Law
2.3 Roman Literature
2.4 Art
3.Romans and Greeks
3.1 Greco-Roman Relations
3.2 Comparisons between the Ancient Greeks and Romans
4.Conclusion
Chapter 3 Christian Culture
Introduction
1.The Bible
2.The Old Testament
2.1 The Pentateuch
2.2 Historical Books
2.3 The Poetical Books
2.4 The Prophets
3.The New Testament
3.1 The New Testament
3.2 Jesus Christ
3.3 Peter
3.4 Paul
4.Translation of The Bible
5.Catholic Church and Orthodox Church
5.1 Catholic Church
5.2 Orthodox Church
6.Conclusion
Chapter 4 Medieval Culture
Introduction
1.The Middle Ages
2.The Early Middle Ages(c.350"-c.1050)
2.1 Breakdown of Roman Society
2.2 Church and Monasticism
2.3 Carolingians
2.4 The Holy Roman Empire
3.The High Middle Ages(c.1050-c.1300)
3.1 The Norman Conquest
3.2 The Crusades
3.3 The Rise of Kingdoms
4.The Late Middle Ages(c.1300---c.1450)
4.1 Starvation and the Black Death
4.2 The Hundred Years' War
4.3 The Decline of the Papacy
5.Medieval Culture
5.1 Learning and Science
5.2 Medieval Literature
5.3 Art and Architecture
6.Conclusion
Chapter 5 Culture in the Renaissance
Introduction
1.Renaissance in Italy
1.1 Background
1.2 Humanism
1.3 Literature
1.4 Art
2.Renaissance in Other Countries
2.1 Renaissance in France
2.2 Renaissance in Spain
2.3 Renaissance in the North
2.4 Renaissance in Germany
2.5 Renaissance in England
3 Science in the Renaissance
4.Reformation
4.1 Background of Reformation
4.2 Martin Luther and Lutheranism
4.3 John Calvin and Calvinism
4.4 Reformation in England
4.5 Influence of the Re{ormation
Chapter 6 Culture in the 17th Century
Introduction
1.Science in the 17th Century
1.1 Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543)
1.2 Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)
1.3 Galileo Galilei
1.4 Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727)
1.5 Gottfried Wilhelm yon Leibniz(1646-1716)
2 Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
2.1 Sir Francis Bacon(1561-1626)
2.2 Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679)
2.3 John Locke(1632-1704)
2.4 The English Revolution and John Milton
3.Philosophy and Literature in France
3.1 Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
3.2 French Classicism
4.Art
4.1 Baroque Art
4.2 Dutch Protestant Art
4.3 Art and Architecture in France
Chapter 7 Culture in the Enlightenment
Introduction
1.French Philosophy and Literature in the Enlightenment
1.1 Charles de Montesquieu(1689-1755)
1.2 Voltaire(1694-1778)
1.3 Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778)
1.4 Denis Diderot(1713-1784)
2.English Literature in the Enlightenment
2.1 Alexander Pope(1688-1744)
2.2 Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)
2.3 Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)
2.4 Henry Fielding(1707-1754)
2.5 Samuel Richardson( 1689-1761 )
3.Germany Literature in the Enlightenment
3.1 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing(1729-1781)
3.2 Wolfgang von Goethe(1749-1832)
3.3 Johann Christoph Friedrich yon Schiller(1759-1805)
3.4 Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)
4.Art and Music in the Enlightenment
4.1 Art in the Enlightenment
4.2 Music in the Enlightenment
5.Conclusion
Chapter 8 Romanticism
Introduction
1.Romanticism in Literature
1.1 Rbmanticism in Germany
1.2 Romanticism in England
1.3 Romantmlsm in France
1.4 Romanticism in Italy
1.5 Romantmlsm in Russia
1.6 Romanticism m the United States
2.Romanticism in Art
2.1 Goya(1746-1828)
2.2 David(1748-1825)
2.3 Delacroix(1798-1863)
2.4 G6ricault(1791-1824)
2.5 J.M.W.Turner(175-1851)
2.6 John Constable(1776-1837)
3.Romanticism in Music
3.1 The Early Romantics
3.2 The Late Romantics
Chapter 9 Realism
Introduction
1.Realism in Literature
1.1 Realism in France
1.2 Realism in Russia
1.3 Realism in Northern Europe
1.4 Realism in England
1.5 Realism in the USA
2.Art
2.1 Realism in Art
2.2 Gustave Courbet(1819-1877)
2.3 Honorfi Daumier(1808- 1879)
2.4 Jean Francois Millet(1814-1875)
2.5 Impressionism
2.6 Post-Impressionism
2.7 Realism in Sculpture
3.Realism in Philosophy
Bibliography
摘要
he dominant position of the maritime Athenian "Empire" threatened Spartaand the Peloponnesian League（伯罗奔尼撒联盟） of mainland Greek cities. Inevita-bly, this led to conflict, resulting in the Peloponnesian War（伯罗奔尼撒战争, 431～404BC）. Though effectively a stalemate for much of the war, Athens suffered anumber of setbacks. The Plague of Athens in 430BC followed by a disastrous mili-tary campaign known as the Sicilian Expedition severely weakened Athens. An esti-mated one-third of Athenians died, including Pericles, their leader.
Sparta was able to fomentc挑起） rebellion amongst Athens's allies, further re-ducing the Athenian ability to wage war. The decisive moment came in 405BC whenSparta cut off the grain supply to Athens from the Hellespont. Forced to attack, thecrippled Athenian fleet was decisively defeated by the Spartans under the commandof Lysander at Aegospotami. In 404BC Athens sued for peace, and Sparta dictated apredictably stern settlement: Athens lost her city walls（including the Long Walls）,her fleet, and all of her overseas possessions.
1. 4. 2 4th Century BC
Greece thus entered the 4th century under a Spartan hegemony（霸权）, but itwas clear from the start that this was weak. A demographic（入口的） crisis meantSparta was overstretched, and by 395BC Athens, Argos, Thebes, and Corinth feltable to challenge Spartan dominance（统治）, resulting in the Corinthian War（395～387BC,科林斯战争）. Another war of stalemates, it ended with the status quo（现状）restored, after the threat of Persian intervention on behalf of the Spartans.
The Spartan hegemony lasted another 16 years, until, when attempting to im-pose their will on the Thebans, the Spartans suffered a decisive defeat in 371BC.The Theban general Epaminondas then led Theban troops into the Peloponnesus（怕罗奔尼撒半岛）, whereupon other city-states defected from the Spartan cause. TheThebans were thus able to march into Messenia and free the population.
