目录
出版说明
序
Preface
1 Introduction
Objectives
1.1 Manufacturing Processes
1.2 Break-Even Analysis
Summary
Questions
Problems
2 Engineering Materials
Objectives
2.1 Engineering Properties
2.2 Ferrous Materials
2.3 Non-Ferrous Materials
2.4 Heat Treatment of Metals
Summary
Questions
3 Metal-Casting Processes
Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Patterns
3.3 Moulding Materials
3.4 Cores
Summary
Questions
Problems
4 Gating Systems for Casting
Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gating System Design
4.3 Risering Design
Summary
Questions
Problems
5 Melting and Casting Quality
Objectives
5.1 Melting Practices
5.2 Casting Cleaning
5.3 Casting Defects
5.4 Product Design for Sand Castings
Summary
Questions
Problems
6 Spectial Casting Processes
Objectives
6.1 Shell Moulding
6.2 Precision Investment Casting
6.3 Permanent Mould Casting
6.4 Die Casting
6.5 Vacuum Die Casting
6.6 Low-Pressure Die Casting
6.7 Centrifugal Casting
6.8 Continuous Casting
6.9 Squeeze Casting
Summary
Questions
7 Metal-Forming Processes
Objectives
7.1 Nature of Plastic Deformation
7.2 Rolling
7.3 Forging
7.4 Extrusion
7.5 Wire Drawing
7.6 Rod and Tube Drawing
7.7 Swaging
7.8 Tube Making
Summary
Questions
8 Sheet-Metal Operations
Objectives
8.1 Press Tool Operations
8.2 Shearing Action
8.3 Shearing Operations
8.4 Drawing
8.5 Draw Die Design
8.6 Spinning
8.7 Bending
8.8 Stretch Forming
8.9 Embossing and Coining
8.10 Sheet Metal Die Design
Summary
Questions
Problems
9.Welding processes
Objectives
9.1 Fabrication Methods
9.2 Gas Welding
9.3 Gas Cutting
9.4 Electric-Arc Welding
9.5 Arc Cutting
9.6 Resistance Welding
9.7 Welding Design
Summary
Questions
Problems
10.Other Fabrication Processes
Objectives
10.1 Thermit Welding
10.2 Electro Slag Welding
10.3 Electron Beam Welding
10.4 Laser Beam Welding
10.5 Forge Welding
10.6 Friction Welding
10.7 Diffusion Welding
10.8 Explosion Welding
10.9 Brazing
10.10 Braze Welding
10.11 Soldering
Summary
Questions
11.Powder Metallurgy
Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Production of Metallic Powder
11.3 Processing Methods
11.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
11.5 Other Compaction Methods
11.6 Designing For P/M
Summary
Questions
12.Plastic Processing
Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plastic Materials
12.3 Extrusion of Plastics
12.4 Injection Moulding
12.5 Blow Moulding
12.6 Thermoforming
12.7 Thermosetting Materials
12.8 Plastic Product Design
Summary
Questions
Bibliography
摘要
ow Carbon Steel This is generally known as 'soft' or mild steel. It is used where ductility and softness are important and high tensile strength is not required. These are tough but not resistant to wear, since these are soft, can be very easily formed and later can be carburized to increase the hardness and wear resistance.
Low-carbon steels are used for such operations as spinning, cold bending, rivetting, swaging, etc. These are not responsive to normal heat treatment but for case hardening. They form the largest percentage of steel produced, being the cheapest engineering material. Products such as screws, nails, nuts, bolts, washers, wire fences, light and heavy structural members, machine parts, forged parts can be made from low-carbon steel. It is also used for tin plate and automobile body sheet. It is available in form of sheets, squares, rounds, plates, and wires.
Medium Carbon Steel They are less ductile but harder and have greater tensile strength than low-carbon steels. They also have better machining qualities and are more responsive to heat treatment.
These are widely used in the industry. Medium carbon steels are used for making shafts, connecting rods, spindles, rail axles, gears, turbine bucket wheels, steering arms and other machine parts requiring medium strength and wear-resisting surfaces.
High Carbon Steel They have higher tensile strength and are harder than other plain- carbon steels. They also readily respond to heat treatment. These are used for making hand tools such as wrenches, chisels, punches, files, cutting tools such as drills, wood-working tools, railroad wheels, rails, bars for reinforcing of concrete, etc.
Effect of Small Quantities of Other Elements In addition to carbon, the plain carbon steels contain small quantities of other elements more as impurities. They affect the properties in the following way.Sulphur Iron forms iron sulphide, FES with sulphur which solidifies along the grain boundaries making the steel brittle and lowers hot working properties such as ductility. If equal amount of manganese is present in the steel then manganese sulphide, MnS, forms and the harmful effects of sulphur are reduced. It is generally recommended that manganese should at least be 3 times that of sulphur. However, very small quantities （0.075 to 0.15%） that are generally present contribute to the better machinability.
Phosphorous Phosphorous in small amounts increases the strength and hardness of steels. Most of the steels contain a very small percentage of about 0.05% phosphorous.
