List of illustrationsList of tablesPrefaceINTRODUCTION1 THE GEUGRAPHICAL DETERMINANTS OF DISUNITY2 DISUNITY AND CONFLICT：FROM THE ROMANS TO THE RENAISSANCE，400～1494．3 STAGNATION AND REFORM，1494～17894 THE EMERGENCE OF THE NATIONAL QUESTION，1789～18495 ITALY UNITED6 THE LIBERAL STATE AND THE SOCIAL QUESTION，1870～19007 GIOLITTI，THE FIRST WORLD WAR，AND THE RISE OF FASCISM8 FASCISM9 THE REPUBLICSelect bibliographyIndex
