Acknowledgements
Preface
Acronyms
1 Prolegomena
PART ONE The history of the objective language test
2 The encroaching power of examinations
3 The new-type language test:1913-1935
4 Spreading the psychometric hegemony
5 New technologies and consumer protection
6 Language testing goes to war:1940-145
7 Prognostication and aptitued:1925-1960
8 Language testing in the national interest
9 Testing goes professional
10 Language testing triumphant:1954-1965
11 English tests for foreigners:1945-1960
12 The idea of TOEFL
13 TOEFL: gestation
14 The birth of TOEFL
15 Action in the boardrooms
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