目录
Editor's Note to the 2nd Edition
Unit 1 Goals for Studying Rhetoric
1.1 Modern rhetoric and rhetorical system
1.2 The three fundamental elements in writing
1.3 Goals for studying rhetoric
1.4 The three principles for our study of rhetoric
Exercise 1
Unit 2 The Three Artistic Criteria in English Rhetoric
2.1 The three basic elements in rhetorical traditions
2.2 Logos and logical thinking
2.3 Formal logic and syllogism
2.4 Changes in the connotations of pathos
2.5 Pathos in use today
2.6 Ethos in rhetoric
2.7 Fallacies in logical reasoning
2.8 Fallacies related to pathos
2.9 Fallacious use of ethos
Exercise 2
Unit 3 The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations (A) : Selecting Words and Phrases
3.1 Three basic levels of rhetoric
3.2 The importance of word choice
3.3 Five principles for selecting words and phrases
3.4 The command of vocabulary
3.5 The use of dictionaries
Exercise 3
Unit 4 The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations (B) : Seeking Sentence Variety
4.1 The significance of sentence variety
4.2 Variety in sentence patterns
4.3 Significance of variety in sentence length
4.4 Approaches to achieve varieties in sentence length
Exercise 4
Unit 5 The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations (C) : Writing a Paragraph and Arranging Paragraphs into a Complete Text
5.1 Features of a paragraph
5.2 Requirements for paragraph writing
5.3 The organization of a composition
5.4 Devices for making the ideas flow
5.5 Subject matter and paragraph formation
Exercise 5
Unit 6 Meanings of Words: a Multifaceted Notion
6.1 Importance of grasping the right word meanings
6.2 Aspects of word meanings
6.3 Referential meaning
6.4 Social meaning
6.5 Affective meaning
Exercise 6
Unit 7 Denotation and Connotation
7.1 Shades of meaning
7.2 Denotation
7.3 Connotation
7.4 To be "positive" instead of "assertive"
Exercise 7
Unit 8 Generalization and Specification
8.1 Generality and specificity ....
8.2 General terms and specific terms
8.3 Abstract writing and some other similar practices
8.4 Approaches to writing in a specific way
Exercise 8
Unit 9 Economy and Clarity
9.1 Two basic requirements of "economy" in writing
9.2 The relationship between economy and clarity
9.3 Causes of wordiness
9.4 Approaches to clarity
Exercise 9
Unit l0 Accuracy and Vagueness
10.1 Accuracy in communication
10.2 How grammar may affect accuracy
10.3 Vagueness as a language attribute
10.4 Occasions for vagueness
Exercise 10
Unit 11 Unity and Coherence
11.1 The central idea and two principles in information organization
11.2 Creating unity
11.3 Maintaining coherence
Exercise 11
Unit 12 The Literal Use and Figurative Use of Language
12.1 Labels in use and literal or figurative meanings
12.2 Relations between literal/figurative and denotative/connotative meanings
12.3 More notes on literal uses
12.4 More notes on figurative uses
Exercise 12
Unit 13 The Three Inartistic Criteria in English Rhetoric
13.1 Artistic criteria and inartistic criteria
13.2 Facts
13.3 Examples and illustrations
13.4 Testimony
13.5 Guidelines for the application of the three inartistic criteria
Exercise 13
Unit 14 Propriety and Creativity
14.1 Relationship between propriety and creativity
14.2 How to organize an essay in a test
14.3 How to write in a creative way
14.4 Three devices used to make one's viewpoints impressive and convincing
Exercise 14
Unit 15 A Table of the Common Figures of Speech
15.1 General principles for the use of the figures of speech
15.2 Figures resembling similarities: Simile, Metaphor, Analogy, Allegory, Personification and Zoosemy
15.3 Figures of substitution: Metonymy, Synecdoche, Antonomasia, Allusion, Hyperbole, Understatement, Euphemism and Periphrasis
15.4 Figures of playing double meanings: Pun, Irony, Paradox, Oxymoron, Innuendo, Sarcasm, Transferred Epithet, Syllepsis and Zeugma
15.5 Figures of repetition: Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Paregmenon, Correction, Anaphora, Epiphara, Anadiplosis and Regression
15.6 Figures of imitation: Parody, Onomatopoeia, Mimesis, Malapropism and Graphic
15.7 Figures of handling contrastive and coordinated structures : Contrast, Parallelism and Antithesis
15.8 Figures of witty expressions: Epigram, Aphorism and Maxim
Bibliography
Appendix I Keys to the Exercises
Appendix II A Table of Rhetorical Terms in English and Chinese
Appendix III Index
