INTRODUCTION
0.1 General Laboratory Instructions
0.1.1 Purpose of the Physics Laboratory
0.1.2 Instructions
0.1.3 Lab Logbooks
0.1.4 The Report
0.2 Measurements and Uncertainty
0.2.1 Types of Measurements
0.2.2 True Value and Error
0.2.3 Systematic and Random Errors
0.2.4 Precision,Accuracy and Reliability
0.2.5 The Gaussian(or Normal) Distribution
0.2.6 Uncertainty of the Measurement
0.2.7 Propagation of Uncertainty
0.3 Significant Figures
0.3.1 What Is a Significant Figure?
0.3.2 Arithmetic with Significant Figures
0.3.3 Rounding
0.3.4 Scientific Notation
0.4 Data Analysis
0.4.1 Tables
0.4.2 Graphs
0.4.3 The Method of Difference
0.4.4 The Method of Least Squares
0.4.5 Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel
0.5 Problems
UNIT 1 MECHANICAL AND THERMODYNAMICAL EXPERIMENTS
1.1 Measurement of Length
2 Measurement of Mass and Density
3 Determination of Rotational Inertia Using Cone Pulley Apparatus
4 Determination of Rotational Inertia Using Torsion Pendulum
5 Young's Modulus
6 A Study of Vibrating Strings
7 Newton's Second Law on the Air Track
8 Conservation of Momentum on the Air Track
9 Three-Line Pendulum
10 Measurement of the Ratio of Specific Heats for Gases
11 Measurement of Fluid Viscosity Using a Falling Ball Viscosimeter
12 Measurement of Coefficient of Surface Tension with the Ring Tensiometer
UNIT 2 ELECTROMAGNETISM EXPERIMENTS
2.0 Use of Common Electric Laboratory Instruments
2.0.1 The Voltmeter
2.0.2 The Ammeter
2.0.3 The Ohmmeter
2.0.4 The Galvanometer
2.0.5 Variable Resistors
2.0.6 The Inductor
2.0.7 Decade Capacitance Box
2.0.8 Resistor Color Codes
2.0.9 The Power Supply
2.0.10 The Standard Cell
2.0.11 Muhimeter
2.0.12 The Signal Generator
2.0.13 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO)
2.0.14 Electronic Symbols
2.0.15 How to Wire a Circuit
2.1 Usage of Muhimeters
2.2 Measurement of Voltage-Current Characteristic of Electrical Component
2.3 Wheatstone Bridge
2.4 Measurement of the Low Resistance by Using Kelvin Double Bridge Method
2.5 Determination of the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
2.6 The Potentiometer
2.7 Construction of an Ammeter and Voltmeter
2.8 PN Junction Forward Voltage Temperature Characteristic
2.9 Electrostatic Field Simulation
2.10 The Hall Effect
2.11 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
2.12 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO)
2.13 Investigation of Magnetic Fields by Search Coil
2.14 The Series RLC Circuit
2.15 Measurement of the Speed of Sound in Air
2.16 Hysteresis Loop for Ferromagnetic Materials
2.17 The Transfer of an Audio Signal by an Optical Fiber
UNIT 3 OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS
3.1 Adjustment of the Spectrometer and Measurement of Prism Angle
3.2 Measuring the Refractive Index of a Solid
3.3 Newton's Rings
3.4 Fraunhofer Single Slit Diffraction
3.5 The Michelson Interferometer
3.6 Diffraction Grating
3.7 Polarization of Light
3.8 The Grating Spectrometer
3.9 Measuring the Sound Velocity in Liquid by Ultrasonic Grating
UNIT 4 PROJECTS
4.0 Introduction to Physics Projects
4.1 Design of Resistance Thermometer
4.2 Measuring the Acceleration due to Gravity on Earth
4.3 A Study of Vibration on Strings
4.4 Measuring the Viscosity of Liquid at Different Temperatures
4.5 Measurement of the Voltage-Current Characteristic of a Diode by Potentiometer
4.6 Determination of the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Potentiometer
4.7 To Find the Emf and the Internal Resistance of a Dry Cell
4.8 To Find the Maximum Power Transfer from Source to Load
4.9 Measurement of the Current in a Circuit by Using Compensation Method
4.10 Verification of Kirchhoff's Laws
4.11 Make Your Own Muhimeter
4.12 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Pure Water
4.13 Study of Phase Difference Between Voltage and Current in Series RC and LR Circuit
4.14 Study of Resonance in Parallel RLC Circuits
4.15 To Study the Power Output of Solar Ceils
4.16 Measurement of the Apex Angle of a Prism
4.17 Measuring the Refractive Index of a Prism
4.18 Measuring the Refractive Index of Liquids
4.19 Measuring the Dispersion Curve of a Prism
4.20 Measuring Wavelengths of Mercury Spectral Lines
4.21 Compare the Spacing Between the Tracks on a CD and a DVD
4.22 The Optical Rotation of Sugar Solutions
4.23 Construction of Telescopes and Microscopes
UNIT 5 PASCO EXPERIMENTS
5.1 Rotational Inertia
5.2 Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillations
5.3 Chaos
5.4 LRC Circuit
5.5 Magnetic Forces on Wires
5.6 Magnetic Fields of Coils
5.7 Earth's Magnetic Field
5.8 Atomic Spectra
5.9 Brewster's Angle
5.10 Photoelectric Effect
5.11 Blackbody Radiation
5.12 Cavity Radiation
APPENDIX
Table A.1 Values of some fundamental physical constants( MKS units)
Table A.2 Fundamental SI units
Table A.3 Some derived SI units used in physics
Table A.4 Tables of conversions
Table A.5 The SI prefixes
Table A.6 The Greek alphabet
Table A.7 The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Earth at sea level
Table A.8 The acceleration of gravity at various altitudes on Earth
Table A.9 Young's Modulus for metals and alloys (20℃ )
Table A.10 Density values for selected materials at 20 ℃
Table A.11 Coefficients of viscosity of various fluid
Table A.12 Experimental surface tension values
Table A.13 Density values for water at different temperatures( 1 atm)
Table A.14 The speed of sound
Table A.15 Some coefficients of linear thermal expansion
Table A.16 Thermal conductivities for selected materials
Table A.17 Some properties of dielectrics
Table A.18 Resistivities of some materials at room temperature(20℃ )
Table A.19 Some indexes of refraction
Table A.20 Wavelength of spectral lines for common used light source
Table A.21 Mathematical symbols used in the text and their meaning
Table A.22 Derivatives of common functions
REFERENCE
