大学计算机基础

本书根据教育部高等学校大学计算机课程教学指导委员会提出的“大学计算机基础”课程教学目标要求和全国计算机等级考试大纲编写而成，主要内容包括：计算机基础知识、操作系统基础、Word文字处理软件、Excel电子表格软件、PowerPoint演示文稿软件、计算机网络基础、程序设计基础等7个部分。 本书内容丰富、层次清晰、图文并茂、通俗易懂，不仅包括当代大学生必须掌握的计算机基础知识和基本技能，还包括网络文化安全知识。本书在注重基础知识、基本原理和基本方法的同时，采用案例教学的方式培养学生的计算机应用能力，突出理论与实践的紧密结合。 本书可作为大学非计算机专业“大学计算机基础”课程的教学用书，也可作为计算机培训用书。

第 1 章 计算机基础知识 ····························································································1 1.1 计算机的发展 ····························································································· 1 1.1.1 计算机的诞生和发展 ··············································································· 1 1.1.2 计算机的分类 ························································································ 6 1.1.3 未来新型计算机 ····················································································· 7 1.2 计算机的应用 ····························································································· 9 1.2.1 计算机的应用领域 ················································································· 10 1.2.2 计算机的应用类型 ················································································· 12 1.2.3 计算机应用技术的新发展 ········································································ 15 1.3 计算机系统的组成及工作原理 ···································································· 17 1.3.1 计算机硬件系统 ···················································································· 18 1.3.2 计算机软件系统 ···················································································· 19 1.3.3 计算机的工作原理 ················································································· 21 1.4 微机的硬件组成 ························································································· 21 1.4.1 主板 ··································································································· 21 1.4.2 CPU ··································································································· 22 1.4.3 内存 ··································································································· 23 1.4.4 外存 ··································································································· 24 1.4.5 总线和接口 ·························································································· 25 1.4.6 输入设备 ····························································································· 26 1.4.7 输出设备 ····························································································· 27 1.5 数据在计算机中的表示 ·············································································· 27 1.5.1 进位计数制 ·························································································· 28 1.5.2 不同进制数之间的转换 ··········································································· 28 1.5.3 数据的表示与编码 ················································································· 31 1.5.4 计算机的存储容量与存储单位 ·································································· 33 1.6 网络文化安全 ···························································································· 33 1.6.1 物质技术保障 ······················································································· 34 1.6.2 法律制度保障 ······················································································· 37 1.6.3 网民素质保障 ······················································································· 40 习题 ·················································································································· 44 参考答案 ··········································································································· 46 第 2 章 操作系统基础 ····························································································· 47 2.1 操作系统简介 ···························································································· 47 iv 大学计算机基础 2.1.1 操作系统的地位 ···················································································· 47 2.1.2 操作系统的作用和功能 ··········································································· 47 2.1.3 操作系统的发展 ···················································································· 49 2.1.4 主流操作系统 ······················································································· 51 2.2 Windows 10 操作系统 ················································································· 53 2.2.1 Windows 10 操作系统简介 ······································································· 53 2.2.2 Windows 10 操作系统的基本要素 ······························································ 56 2.3 文件管理 ··································································································· 63 2.3.1 资源管理器 ·························································································· 63 2.3.2 文件和文件夹的管理 ·············································································· 64 2.4 软件与硬件管理 ························································································· 71 2.4.1 软件管理 ····························································································· 71 2.4.2 硬件管理 ····························································································· 75 2.5 系统管理与维护 ························································································· 76 2.5.1 系统性能优化 ······················································································· 76 2.5.2 系统安全设置 ······················································································· 85 习题 ·················································································································· 89 参考答案 ··········································································································· 92 第 3 章 Word 文字处理软件 ···················································································· 93 3.1 Word 2016 概述 ·························································································· 93 3.1.1 Word 2016 的新增功能 ············································································ 93 3.1.2 Word 2016 的启动与退出 ········································································· 95 3.1.3 Word 2016 的工作界面 ············································································ 95 3.1.4 文档的基本操作 ···················································································· 98 3.1.5 文档的显示控制 ·················································································· 102 3.2 文档的编辑 ······························································································ 103 3.2.1 输入文本 ··························································································· 103 3.2.2 文本的操作 ························································································ 106 3.3 文档的排版 ······························································································· 111 3.3.1 字符设置 ···························································································· 111 3.3.2 段落设置 ··························································································· 116 3.3.3 样式和格式刷 ····················································································· 121 3.3.4 页面排版 ··························································································· 125 3.4 表格的制作 ······························································································ 134 3.4.1 表格的创建 ························································································ 134 3.4.2 表格的编辑 ························································································ 136 3.4.3 表格的格式化 ····················································································· 138 3.4.4 表格的数据管理 ·················································································· 142 目 录 v 3.5 图文混排 ································································································ 145 3.5.1 插入图片 ··························································································· 145 3.5.2 编辑美化图片 ····················································································· 150 3.5.3 设置文字和图片的排列方式 ·································································· 152 3.6 高级功能 ································································································· 157 3.6.1 目录的自动生成 ·················································································· 157 3.6.2 制作索引 ··························································································· 158 3.6.3 插入引文和书目 ·················································································· 161 3.6.4 邮件合并 ··························································································· 162 3.6.5 审阅修订 ··························································································· 164 3.7 Word 2016 高级应用实例 ·········································································· 166 习题 ················································································································ 172 参考答案 ········································································································· 176 第 4 章 Excel 电子表格软件 ···················································································177 4.1 Excel 2016 概述 ························································································ 177 4.1.1 Excel 2016 的启动与退出 ······································································· 177 4.1.2 Excel 2016 的工作界面 ·········································································· 177 4.1.3 Excel 2016 基本概念 ············································································ 179 4.2 Excel 2016 基本操作 ················································································· 179 4.2.1 工作表的操作 ····················································································· 179 4.2.2 输入表格内容 ····················································································· 181 4.2.3 数据验证 ··························································································· 188 4.2.4 Excel 设置 ·························································································· 188 4.3 Excel 公式和函数 ····················································································· 198 4.3.1 公式 ································································································· 199 4.3.2 函数 ································································································· 201 4.3.3 常用函数及其应用 ··············································································· 211 4.4 Excel 2016 的数据管理 ············································································· 218 4.4.1 数据清单 ··························································································· 218 4.4.2 数据排序 ··························································································· 219 4.4.3 数据筛选 ··························································································· 221 4.4.4 分类汇总 ··························································································· 224 4.4.5 合并计算 ··························································································· 226 4.4.6 数据透视表 ······················································································· 227 4.5 Excel 2016 图表 ························································································ 230 4.5.1 图表的组成 ························································································ 230 4.5.2 图表的创建 ······················································································· 231 4.5.3 图表的编辑 ························································································ 233 4.5.4 图表的格式化 ····················································································· 234 4.5.5 迷你图 ······························································································ 237 vi 大学计算机基础 习题 ················································································································ 239 参考答案 ········································································································· 242 第 5 章 PowerPoint 演示文稿软件 ·········································································243 5.1 PowerPoint 2016 概述 ··············································································· 243 5.1.1 PowerPoint 2016 的启动与退出 ······························································· 243 5.1.2 PowerPoint 2016 的工作界面 ··································································· 244 5.1.3 演示文稿的基本操作 ············································································ 246 5.2 演示文稿的编辑 ······················································································· 248 5.2.1 幻灯片的操作 ····················································································· 248 5.2.2 编辑幻灯片中的对象 ············································································ 250 5.3 演示文稿的美化 ······················································································· 256 5.3.1 版式设置 ··························································································· 256 5.3.2 背景设置 ··························································································· 257 5.3.3 幻灯片大小设置 ·················································································· 258 5.3.4 主题的应用 ························································································ 259 5.3.5 母版的应用 ··················