泌尿肿瘤及常见病防治答疑解惑

《泌尿肿瘤及常见病防治答疑解惑》采用一问一答的形式，对多种泌尿男生殖系肿瘤和泌尿男科常见疾病的病因、临床表现及诊断治疗做了较为详细的介绍。全书涉及泌尿系统解剖、常见症状及体征、专科检查及治疗、泌尿男生殖系各种肿瘤防治、护理保健知识及少部分相关的女性和儿科泌尿系统疾病等方面，内容翔实，条理清晰，通俗易懂，通过着重回答一些在临床工作中患者经常向医生询问的问题，为读者朋友提供实用的疾病防治知识。

王东文，主任医师，国家二级教授，博士生导师，山西医科大学第一医院副院长，泌尿外科主任。国务院特贴专家，新世纪“百千万”人才国家级人选，卫生部有突出贡献中青年专家。现任中华医学会泌尿外科分会（CUA）全国常委，亚洲男科学协会（AAA）副主席，中国医疗保健国际交流促进会泌尿健康促进分会副主任委员，山西省医学会泌尿外科专业委员会主任委员，山西省医师协会泌尿男科医师分会会长。

\"目 录 第一章 泌尿外科诊疗新进展····························································1 1.若得了肾癌，要怎么治疗？······················································1 2.如今都在讲“精准医学”，肾癌手术的精准程度现在怎样？············1 3.有人说，虚拟现实技术辅助下的肾癌手术更安全、更好，真的有 帮助吗？··············································································2 4.我是一名近期接受手术的多囊肾患者，在网上了解到虚拟技术的 优势，想了解它对我的手术是否有帮助？····································3 5.最近有些报道上有“3D打印肾癌手术”的说法，听起来很神秘， 这是怎么一回事？··································································4 6.听说手术前医生会讲肾癌手术的内容，会不会太专业，患者理解 不了？·················································································4 7.我看到有的宣传报道上手术医生戴着一个特殊的眼镜在看立体的 人体结构，这是想象吗？对肾癌的诊治有帮助吗？························5 8.听说肾癌也可以做人工智能机器人手术，是这样吗？·····················7 9.以前在医院做完CT就给一袋胶片，现在有些医院还多给一张光 盘，请问有用吗？··································································7 10.我有近期在其他医院做的CT，若想做手术，还需要重做吗？·········8 11.什么是达·芬奇手术机器人？··················································9 12.机器人辅助腹腔镜手术有哪些优缺点？·····································10 13.达·芬奇手术机器人手术安全吗？···········································11 14.传统手术和机器人手术，我应该如何选择？·······························12 第二章 泌尿系统解剖及生理···························································13 1.泌尿系统有哪些器官？···························································13 2.肾脏的解剖位置在哪儿？························································14 3.中医中指的肾和西医中指的肾是一样的吗？································14 4.肾脏有什么功能？·································································15 5.肾上腺位置在哪儿？有什么功能？············································16 6.输尿管的位置在哪儿？有什么功能？·········································16 7.膀胱的位置在哪儿？······························································17 8.膀胱的结构和功能如何？························································18 9.什么是前列腺？····································································19 10.前列腺有哪些功能？·····························································19 11.男性尿道和女性尿道有什么不同？···········································20 12.睾丸有什么功能？································································21 13.附睾的位置在哪儿？有什么功能？···········································22 14.精囊腺的位置在哪儿？··························································22 第三章 泌尿系统常见症状······························································23 1.泌尿系统常见的症状有哪些？··················································23 2.什么是膀胱刺激征？······························································24 3.多尿和尿量增多一样吗？························································24 4.尿频是怎么定义的？原因有哪些？············································24 5.什么是尿急？有哪些常见疾病会出现尿急症状？··························25 6.为什么排尿会疼？·································································26 7.什么是尿潴留？原因有哪些？··················································26 8.什么是尿失禁？尿失禁有几种类型？·········································27 9.如何区分遗尿和遗尿症？························································29 10.什么是血尿？内科来源的血尿和外科来源的血尿应当如何区分？····29 11.为什么我的尿液会混浊？·······················································30 12.什么是气尿？······································································31 13.为什么我总感觉排尿排不干净？残余尿多少需要治疗？··············154 48.得了“鹿角形”结石该怎么办？············································154 49.肾结石疼痛难忍怎么办？·····················································155 50.肾结石一定要手术治疗吗？··················································156 51.哪类结石适合行体外冲击波碎石？·········································156 52.体外冲击波碎石术后的注意事项有哪些？································156 53.体外冲击波碎石术前患者应做哪些准备？································157 54.哪类结石适合行经皮肾镜碎石取石术？···································157 55.超微经皮肾镜取石术和普通经皮肾镜取石术有什么区别？···········158 56.髓质海绵肾结石该如何处理？···············································159 57.什么是肾移植？·································································159 58.什么情况下需要做肾移植？··················································160 59.什么是活体肾移植？···························································160 60.什么是尸体肾移植？···························································160 61.经过手术移植一个肾脏可以维持正常生活吗？··························161 62.肾移植手术后还需要如何治疗呢？·········································161 63.肾移植术后应当注意什么？··················································162 第七章 输尿管疾病·····································································163 1.输尿管狭窄是一种什么样的疾病？··········································163 2.正常输尿管有狭窄吗？·························································164 3.输尿管狭窄怎么治？····························································164 4.输尿管狭窄导致肾积水怎么办？·············································165 5.先天性输尿管狭窄可以不治吗？·············································166 6.输尿管口囊肿应该怎么治疗？················································166 7.我做了妇科手术，为什么尿液会从阴道流出来？·······················167 8.输尿管发炎的症状有哪些？···················································167 9.输尿管上段结石怎么治疗？···················································168 10.结石卡在输尿管怎么排出？··················································168 11.输尿管结石疼痛怎么处理？··················································169 12.什么是输尿管镜碎石术？·····················································169 13.输尿管软镜与硬镜有何区别？···············································170 14.输尿管结石碎石术后饮食应该注意什么？································171 15.输尿管手术后为什么要留置双“J”管？··································172 16.输尿管内留置双“J”管后有什么注意事项？····························173 17.输尿管肿瘤的预后如何？·····················································173 第八章 膀胱疾病········································································175 1.什么是膀胱外翻？·······························································175 2.什么是脐尿管瘘？·······························································176 3.什么是脐尿管囊肿？····························································176 4.膀胱破裂有什么症状？·························································177 5.膀胱破裂怎么治疗？····························································178 6.膀胱刺激征的表现有哪些？如何治疗？····································178 7.腺性膀胱炎症状有哪些？女性腺性膀胱炎的症状有哪些？············179 8.腺性膀胱炎能治吗？····························································179 9.腺性膀胱炎会发生癌变吗？···················································180 10.排尿中断是怎么回事？························································180 11.膀胱结石有哪些临床表现？··················································181 12.膀胱结石就是肾结石落下来的吗？·········································182 13.膀胱结石一定要开刀治疗吗？···············································182 第九章 前列腺疾病·····································································184 1.什么是前列腺炎？前列腺炎的症状有哪些？······························184 2.前列腺炎有哪几种分型？它们各有什么特点？···························185 3.前列腺液检查的意义有哪些？················································185 4.精神心理因素对前列腺炎有影响吗？·······································186 5.有哪些不良生活习惯会诱发前列腺炎？····································187 6.前列腺炎会引起性功能障碍吗？·············································188 7.前列腺炎不处理是否会引起精囊炎、睾丸附睾炎？·····················189 8.前列腺炎为什么不容易治愈？················································189 9.得了前列腺炎要不要禁欲？···················································190 10.做哪些运动有助于前列腺炎康复？·········································190 11.前列腺液检查白细胞2个+怎么办？······································191 12.前列腺炎疼痛难忍怎么办？··················································192 13.慢性前列腺炎患者能生育吗？···············································192 14.前列腺炎按摩治疗有效吗？··················································193 15.细菌性前列腺炎和非细菌性前列腺炎有哪些区别？····················193 16.得了前列腺炎都要吃抗生素吗？············································194 17.无菌性前列腺炎怎么治疗？··················································195 18.前列腺炎可以做手术根治吗？···············································195 19.男性多大年纪以后就会出现前列腺增生？································196 20.前列腺增生有什么症状？·····················································196 21.前列腺增生患者生活中有哪些注意事项？································197 22.前列腺增生伴钙化灶是什么意思？·········································198 23.前列腺增生需要做哪些检查？···············································199 24.前列腺增生的药物治疗有哪些方式？······································199 25.前列腺增生有哪些微创手术治疗方式？···································200 26.前列腺柱状水囊扩开术是我们国家自主研发的吗？它有哪些 优势？··············································································201 27.前列腺增生会转化成为前列腺癌吗？······································202 28.前列腺增生微创手术后尿液不自主流出来怎么办？····················202 29.为什么做前列腺检查医生要摸我肛门？···································203 第十章 尿道疾病········································································204 1.尿道下裂是一种什么病？······················································204 2.尿道下裂有哪些类型？·························································204 3.尿道下裂应当何时治疗？······················································205 4.尿道下裂应当去哪个科室治疗？·············································206 5.尿道憩室是什么疾病？怎么治疗？··········································206 6.男性尿道损伤有哪几种类型？················································207 7.尿道损伤应当如何治疗？······················································207 8.尿道断裂还能接上吗？·························································208 9.什么是尿道狭窄？·······························································208 10.尿道狭窄临床症状有哪些？··················································209 11.尿道狭窄应当如何治疗？·····················································210 12.尿道口挤出乳白色黏液是什么情况？······································211 13.尿道淋球菌感染如何传染？能治疗吗？···································211 14.尿道瘙痒是怎么回事？是性病吗？·········································212 15.尿道炎是如何分类的？························································213 16.尿道炎应当怎么治疗？························································213 17.尿道息肉是怎么引起的？·····················································214 18.尿道息肉好发人群有哪些？··················································214 19.尿道息肉的症状有哪些？·····················································215 20.尿道息肉怎么治疗？···························································215 21.什么是尿道尖锐湿疣？························································216 22.什么是尿道结石？······························································217 23.尿道结石有什么症状？························································217 24.尿道结石的治疗方法有哪些？···············································218 25.尿道口出血的原因有哪些？··················································219 第十一章 男性生殖系统疾病·························································220 1.为什么有些男孩只有一个睾丸？·············································220 2.隐睾症会影响生育吗？·························································221 3.隐睾症最佳的手术时机是什么时候？·······································222 4.睾丸肿了是什么原因？·························································222 5.什么是睾丸鞘膜积液？·························································223 6.睾丸鞘膜积液是什么原因造成的？··········································223 7.睾丸鞘膜积液能自行消失吗？怎么治疗？·································224 8.睾丸疼痛是什么原因？怎么治疗？··········································224 9.睾丸疼痛能自愈吗？····························································225 10.长时间勃起睾丸痛怎么办？··················································226 11.睾丸一大一小正常吗？什么原因可引起睾丸一大一小？··············226 12.睾丸一侧肿大是什么原因引起的？·········································227 13.睾丸发炎肿大怎么办？························································227 14.睾丸下垂是什么情况？························································228 15.睾丸扭转还能保住“蛋蛋”吗？············································228 16.阴囊胀疼是什么原因引起的？···············································229 17.什么是精索静脉曲张？························································229 18.精索静脉曲张有哪些症状？··················································230 19.精索静脉曲张可以参军吗？··················································231 20.精索静脉曲张可以自愈吗？应该如何治疗？·····························231 21.精索静脉曲张采用哪种手术方式好？······································231 22.包皮过长是怎么回事？························································232 23.割包皮能预防性传播疾病吗？···············································233 24.包皮切除手术过程是怎样的？术后该注意什么？·······················234 25.包皮手术方式有哪些？该怎么选择？······································235 26.包皮手术后伤口水肿了怎么消肿？·········································236 27.阴茎疼痛是什么原因造成的？···············································236 28.阴茎勃起疼痛怎么办？························································236 29.阴茎有硬块是怎么回事？可以自愈吗？···································237 30.阴茎小是什么原因造成的？怎么治疗？···································237 31.阴茎的大小与性健康有关系吗？············································238 32.阴茎系带断裂的表现是什么？···············································238 33.阴茎系带断裂怎么治疗？·····················································239 34.包皮过长会导致阴茎癌吗？··················································240 35.阴茎癌手术有希望保住阴茎吗？············································240 36.阴茎癌除了手术还需要哪些治疗？·········································241 37.男性性功能障碍主要类型有哪些？·········································241 38.“男人不举”是什么原因造成的？··········································242 39.男性勃起功能障碍怎么治疗？···············································243 40.阴茎萎缩怎样治疗？···························································243 41.男性性功能下降吃什么药好？···············································244 42.男人早泄是什么原因引起的？···············································245 43.早泄的治疗方法有哪些？·····················································246 44.早泄的自我调节方法有哪些？···············································246 45.龟头充血不足怎么办？························································247 46.阴茎背神经阻断术有用吗？··················································248 47.阴茎背神经阻断术后遗症有哪些？·········································248 48.性生活频繁程度多少合适？和年龄有关吗？·····························249 49.如何预防性传播疾病？························································249 50.血精应该如何治疗？···························································250 51.射精的时候尿道疼是怎么回事？············································251 52.男士育前检查要挂什么科室？包含哪些项目？··························251 53.什么是男性不育症？···························································252 54.男性不育症主要由哪些原因引起？·········································253 55.男性睾酮低的原因是什么？能治好吗？···································253 56.男性睾酮高有什么危害？·····················································254 57.精液检测报告怎么看？························································254 58.精子活动力多少算正常？·····················································255 59.精子活动力低对生育有什么影响？·········································256 60.精子活动力低怎么办？如何提高精子活动力？··························256 61.精子少的原因及治疗措施是什么？·············································31 14.早泄的定义是什么？·····························································31 15.阳痿的定义是什么？·····························································32 16.什么是血精？······································································33 17.什么是射精障碍？································································34 第四章 泌尿系统检验及检查···························································35 1.尿常规检查报告怎么看？························································35 2.什么是尿三杯检查？······························································36 3.尿常规检查留取尿液标本时有哪些注意事项？·····························36 4.尿比重正常是多少？尿比重偏高的原因有哪些？··························38 5.反复泌尿系感染，医生为什么要患者进行尿培养检查？·················38 6.成人24小时正常尿量是多少？少尿、无尿、多尿分别是什么情况？······38 7.尿肌酐检查有什么意义？························································39 8.尿液酸碱度能说明什么？尿液酸碱度测量的意义有哪些？··············40 9.排尿困难患者如何进行自我评测？············································40 10.什么是残余尿？其代表意义是什么？········································41 11.什么是儿茶酚胺？································································42 12.取精检查怎么做？································································42 13.精液常规检查报告怎么看？····················································43 14.勃起障碍需进行哪些检查？····················································43 15.膀胱镜检查怎么做？·····························································44 16.膀胱镜检查都能看见什么？可以明确哪些疾病？·························45 17.膀胱镜检查术后需要注意些什么？···········································46 18.做泌尿系彩超观察肾脏和膀胱之前要注意什么？·························46 19.静脉肾盂造影和逆行静脉肾盂造影有什么区别？························47 20.前列腺液常规检查报告怎么看？··············································47 21.前列腺液是如何获得的？取前列腺液时有哪些注意事项？·············48 22.前列腺彩超检查主要用于什么疾病？具体检查过程是怎样的？·······48 23.前列腺彩超需要憋尿吗？·······················································49 24.尿动力学检查包含哪些内容？·················································50 第五章 泌尿男生殖系统肿瘤···························································51 肾肿瘤·······················································································51 1.单纯性肾囊肿和囊性肾癌有区别吗？·········································51 2.肾脏错构瘤严重吗？······························································52 3.肾脏错构瘤一定需要手术治疗吗？············································52 4.小儿会患肾脏肿瘤吗？···························································53 5.肾母细胞瘤是良性还是恶性？能治愈吗？···································53 6.肾癌早期有哪些表现？···························································54 7.肾癌晚期转移后有哪些表现？··················································55 8.肾癌会遗传吗？····································································56 9.得了肾肿瘤，可以保肾治疗吗？···············································57 10.一侧肾脏切除以后，会得尿毒症吗？········································58 11.两侧肾脏都得了肿瘤怎么办？·················································59 12.肾癌手术治疗后能活几年？····················································60 13.肾癌术后容易复发吗？··························································60 14.肾癌可以保守治疗吗？··························································61 15.肾癌中的透明细胞癌是“透明”的吗？医生是如何“看见”的？·······62 16.肾癌术前有必要做CT检查吗？···············································63 17.肾癌合并癌栓是什么意思？····················································64 18.腹腔镜微创肾脏手术有哪些优点？···········································65 19.已经发生转移的肾癌，还需要手术治疗吗？·······························66 20.晚期肾癌是不是没救了？靶向治疗是否有效？····························67 21.肾肿瘤行手术切除术后需要复查哪些指标？·······························67 肾盂、输尿管、膀胱肿瘤·······························································68 22.什么是尿液脱落细胞学检查？·················································68 23.哪种人容易得肾盂癌？··························································68 24.肾盂癌手术单纯切除肾脏够不够？···········································70 25.为什么肾盂癌手术后要复查膀胱镜？········································70 26.什么是输尿管肿瘤？·····························································71 27.输尿管肿瘤早期有什么症状？·················································71 28.输尿管肿瘤怎么治疗？··························································72 29.导致膀胱肿瘤的危险因素有哪些？···········································72 30.膀胱肿瘤有哪些表现？··························································74 31.膀胱肿瘤有良性的吗？··························································74 32.膀胱肿瘤是依照什么进行严重程度判断的？·······························74 33.什么是膀胱原位癌？·····························································75 34.怀疑膀胱肿瘤初始应当做哪些检查？········································76 35.确诊膀胱肿瘤需要做什么检查？··············································76 36.医生怀疑我得了膀胱癌，为什么还要给我查肾脏和输尿管？··········77 37.膀胱癌有哪些治疗方法？·······················································77 38.为什么膀胱肿瘤医生给我做了两次手术？··································79 39.膀胱肿瘤TURBT手术后如何预防肿瘤复发？·····························80 40.什么是术后膀胱即刻灌注化疗？··············································80 41.膀胱灌注化疗可以选择哪些药物？···········································81 42.什么是膀胱灌注免疫治疗？····················································81 43.卡介苗膀胱灌注治疗有哪些指征和不良反应？····························82 44.患了肌层浸润性膀胱癌，是否建议做膀胱部分切除术？················82 45.膀胱全切术后必须带尿袋吗？·················································83 46.膀胱全切术后如何进行造口护理？···········································84 47.膀胱癌可以进行放疗吗？·······················································84 48.膀胱癌可以进行化疗吗？·······················································85 49.膀胱癌TURBT术后复查需要注意哪些项目？·····························85 50.得了肌层浸润性膀胱癌，是不是只有膀胱全切一条路了？·············86 51.哪些人可以选择做保膀胱治疗？··············································86 52.膀胱癌保膀胱治疗有哪些手段？··············································87 53.膀胱癌新辅助化疗是什么？····················································87 54.膀胱癌新辅助免疫治疗是什么？与化疗有什么区别？···················88 55.进行膀胱癌新辅助治疗后，我的瘤子缩小很明显，是不是可以 不切膀胱？··········································································88 56.进行膀胱癌新辅助治疗后，我的瘤子消失了，我是不是就被治 愈了？················································································88 57.什么是膀胱癌光动力治疗？····················································89 58.哪些人可以选择膀胱癌光动力治疗？········································90 59.哪些人不能做膀胱癌光动力治疗？···········································90 60.膀胱癌光动力治疗可以和其他治疗一起进行吗？·························90 前列腺癌····················································································91 61.哪些群体需要进行前列腺癌的筛查？筛查内容具体有什么？··········91 62.如何读懂肿瘤标志物？··························································92 63. PSA是什么？女性查PSA有意义吗？·······································92 64. PSA升高就提示患有前列腺癌吗？···········································93 65. PSA不能诊断前列腺癌，那它到底有什么意义？·························94 66.多大年龄以后要进行前列腺癌PSA筛查？·································94 67.我一点感觉都没有，为什么医生说我得了前列腺癌？前列腺癌 有哪些临床表现？·································································94 68.磁共振对于前列腺癌的诊断价值是什么？··································95 69.什么样的情况需要做前列腺穿刺活检术？··································95 70.做超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术，需要穿多少针？······················96 71.前列腺穿刺活检术后需要注意些什么？·····································96 72.前列腺癌确诊后必须行手术治疗吗？········································97 73.前列腺癌内分泌治疗应当如何进行？需要定期复查什么指标？·······98 74.何种前列腺癌需要手术治疗？·················································99 75.前列腺癌根治术后会不会影响性功能？·····································99 76.什么是前列腺癌的新辅助治疗？············································100 77.前列腺根治性放疗和根治性手术哪个更有优势？·······················100 78.前列腺癌术后复发怎么办？··················································101 79.前列腺癌会转移吗？···························································102 80.前列腺癌骨转移如何治疗？··················································103 81.前列腺癌骨转移疼痛怎么缓解？············································103 82.什么是去势抵抗性前列腺癌？···············································104 83.疾病进展到去势抵抗性前列腺癌还有什么治疗方法？·················105 84.前列腺癌根治术后应当如何复查？·········································105 85.做过前列腺增生手术的人，以后还会得前列腺癌吗？·················106 86.前列腺癌术后需要治疗吗？··················································106 87.前列腺癌术后辅助治疗有哪些？············································107 88.前列腺癌根治术后是不是很容易尿失禁？································107 89.前列腺癌术后尿失禁还能恢复吗？·········································107 90. MDT是什么?肿瘤患者为什么要选择MDT？·························108 尿道、阴茎、阴囊肿瘤································································109 91.什么是尿道癌？·································································109 92.尿道癌有哪些临床表现？·····················································109 93.尿道癌需要如何治疗？························································110 94.阴茎癌的高危致病因素有哪些？·············································111 95.龟头上长菜花就是阴茎癌吗？················································111 96.如何预防阴茎癌？·······························································111 97.对于阴茎上偶然发现的肿物，直接切掉吗？·····························112 98.面对一个阴茎癌患者，医生看重哪些方面？·····························112 99.得了阴茎癌，一定要切除阴茎吗？·········································112 100.阴茎癌伴有腹股沟淋巴结肿大，一定是转移了吗？··················112 101.阴茎癌阴茎切除后还能站着小便吗？····································113 102.阴茎癌阴茎部分切除术后患者能过性生活吗？························113 103.阴囊皮疹经久不愈，还可能是什么病？·································113 104.阴囊派杰氏病有什么表现？················································114 105.阴囊派杰氏病怎么治疗？···················································114 睾丸肿瘤··················································································114 106.睾丸切除术是大手术吗？术后几天可以出院？························114 107.睾丸突然肿痛是长肿瘤了吗？·············································115 108.睾丸肿瘤有良性的吗？······················································116 109.睾丸肿瘤影响生育吗？······················································116 110.检查两颗睾丸都好好的，怎么就说患者得了睾丸癌呢？············116 111.睾癌既能手术，又能放化疗，我到底应该选哪种？················117 112.睾丸肿瘤的手术刀口有时在大腿根上，有时在肚子上，怎么就 是没见过在阴囊（蛋蛋）上？················································117 第六章 肾脏及肾上腺疾病····························································119 1.肾上腺有哪些常见的肿瘤？···················································119 2.肾上腺肿瘤都需要治疗吗？···················································120 3.高血压的“幕后黑手”竟然是肾上腺疾病？······························120 4.考虑肾上腺肿瘤都需要做哪些检查？·······································121 5.看皮质醇增多症应该去内分泌科还是泌尿外科？························122 6.如何区别单纯肥胖和库欣综合征？··········································122 7.皮质醇增多症手术后切除肾上腺，需要长期补充激素吗？············123 8.什么是肾上腺危象？会要命吗？·············································124 9.嗜铬细胞瘤有哪些临床表现？················································125 10.嗜铬细胞瘤是恶性的还是良性的，是否很凶险？·······················126 11.为什么嗜铬细胞瘤在做手术前要吃很长时间药？·······················127 12.嗜铬细胞瘤手术后应当注意什么？·········································128 13.嗜铬细胞瘤除了长在肾上腺上还能长在哪儿？··························129 14.什么是原发性醛固酮增多症？有哪些临床表现？·······················129 15.原发性醛固酮增多症手术前应当如何补钾？·····························130 16.医生跟我说查醛固酮，为什么还要让我换体位？·······················131 17.我高血压、低血钾，医生怀疑是原发性醛固酮增多症，手术后 血压、血钾一定能恢复正常吗？·············································131 18.什么是马蹄肾？·································································132 19.马蹄肾必须做手术吗？························································132 20.什么是重复肾？需要治疗吗？···············································133 21.肾囊肿是一种怎样的疾病，是肿瘤吗？···································134 22.多囊肾有何临床表现？························································134 23.多囊肾和多发肾囊肿是一回事吗？·········································136 24.肾积水吃药能好吗？···························································137 25.肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）是一种怎样的疾病？················138 26.什么是胡桃夹综合征？························································138 27.肾结核是肺结核转移过去的吗？············································139 28.肾结核会传染给其他人吗？··················································140 29.怀疑有肾结核，应当做哪些检查？·········································141 30.何为“肾自截”？······························································142 31.得了肾结核，具体的抗结核治疗疗程是什么？··························143 32.肾结核能做手术吗？怎么治疗？············································144 33.什么是肾损伤？·································································144 34.肾损伤有几种类型？···························································144 35.肾损伤有哪些治疗方案？·····················································145 36.怎样预防肾结石？······························································146 37.肾结石有哪些类型？···························································147 38.我的结石成分是草酸钙，在平时生活中我需要注意什么？···········147 39.我的结石成分是尿酸，在平时生活中我需要注意什么？··············148 40.我的结石成分是六水磷酸镁铵，在平时生活中我需要注意什么？··149 41.我的结石成分是胱氨酸，在平时生活中我需要注意什么？···········150 42.肾绞痛就是因为结石吗？·····················································150 43.肾绞痛的急诊处理措施有哪些？············································151 44.诱发肾结石的高危因素有哪些？············································152 45.如何判断自己有无结石？·····················································153 46.肾脏小结石有什么症状？·····················································154 47.什么是“鹿角形”结石？·······································