\"Pandemic Threats / 001
I. The Plague / 002
II. Cholera / 005
III. Smallpox / 008
IV. Influenza / 011
V. COVID-19 / 019
VI. Other infectious diseases that may cause pandemics / 019
References / 022
How Pandemics Arise / 027
I. Characteristics of pandemics and determination criteria / 027
II. Characteristics of pandemic-inducing infectious diseases / 029
III. Factors contributing to pandemics of infectious diseases / 034
References / 047
The Challenges of Pandemics / 053
I. Absence of a unified global community of interest / 054
II. Monitoring systems insufficient for early warning and response / 055
III. Lack of urgency and targeted measures early in the pandemic / 058
IV. Overburdened healthcare providers and lack of effective drugs / 059
V. Inequitable vaccine distribution and vaccine hesitation / 061
VI. Ineffective public education and social stigma and discrimination / 064
VII. Shortage of other diseases prevention and control services / 066
References / 068
Cross-Species Transmission of Pathogens / 071
I. Risk of cross-species transmission of pathogens / 071
II. Challenges of cross-species transmission of pathogens / 075
III. Studies on SARS-CoV-2 hosts / 077
IV. Risk assessment of cross-species transmission of pathogens / 083
References / 085
Genetic Sequencing-Based Pathogen Surveillance and Early
Warning Systems / 089
I. Methods for monitoring pathogenic variation / 089
II. Pathogen genome surveillance network and data sharing system /095
III. Bioinformatic prediction and warning of pathogenicity variations /100
References / 104
The Threat of Climate Change to Pandemics / 109
I. Climate change and pandemics / 110
II. The impact of climate factors on the COVID-19 pandemic / 116
III. Strategies to cope with the risk of infectious diseases under climate
change / 122
References / 125
Globalization and Pandemics / 131
I. The impact of globalization on pandemics / 132
II. The impact of pandemics on globalization / 137
III. The Chinese approach to addressing globalization and
pandemics / 147
References / 149
Pandemic Preparedness / 155
I. Surveillance of and preparedness for animal-origin pathogens with
pandemic potential / 156
II. Policy and coordination mechanisms / 160
III. Basic capacity building / 163
IV. Scientific research / 168
V. Workforce and talent training and reserve / 171
References / 173
Pandemic Response and Assessment / 179
I. PHEIC response and assessment / 180
II. Assessment of pandemic response capacity / 190
References / 192
The COVID-19 Pandemic / 197
I. The COVID-19 outbreak / 197
II. Epidemiological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 / 198
III. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens / 199
IV. Origin tracing of SARS-CoV-2 / 201
V. COVID-19 prevention and control measures and their effectiveness /205
VI. Reflections and outlook / 207
References / 210
Chapter 11 China’s Experience in the Prevention and Control of
COVID-19 and Its Contribution to the World / 213
I. The four phases of China’s COVID-19 prevention and controlefforts / 214
II. China’s experience in the prevention and control of COVID-19 /217
III. China’s contribution to the world through its response to
COVID-19 / 224
References / 227
Acknowledgments / 229\"