Annual Review of Global Green Transition PREFACE 1.1Annual Review of Global Green Transition 1 Macro Environment 002 1.1.1 Economic Society 002 1.1.2 Climate Policy 004 1.1.3 Green Investment 007 1.2 Energy Transition 010 1.2.1 Total Supply 010 1.2.2 Consumption Structure 015 1.2.3 Carbon Market and Electricity Market 020 1.2.4 Carbon Emissions 026 1.3 Development of Energy Interconnection 028 1.3.1 Clean Energy 028 1.3.2 Smart Grid 030 1.3.3 Interconnection 034 1.4 Technological Innovation 037 1.4.1 Technological Advancement 037 1.4.2 Cost Change 041 2Analysis of Critical Issues on Global Energy Development 2.1? Geopolitical Conflicts and Energy Security 044 2.1.1? Butterfly Effects of Global Energy and Economy 044 2.1.2? Enlightenment of Geopolitical Conflicts on Development 049 2.2 Challenges of Extreme Weather to Power Security 053 2.2.1 Extreme Weather Events 054 2.2.2 Challenges to the Power System Safety 055 2.2.3 Climate Adaptive Power System 058 2.3 Development of Green Hydrogen and Electrosynthesis of Fuels 060 2.3.1 Green Hydrogen Technology and Development 061 2.3.2 Electrosynthesis of Fuel Technology and Development 068 2.3.3 Electricity-Hydrogen Coordinated Zero Carbon Energy System 071 3Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 3.1 GEI Concept 074 3.1.1 Concept Connotation 074 3.1.2 Development Vision 076 3.2 Index System 077 3.2.1 Indicator System 079 3.2.2 Evaluation Methods 082 3.2.3 Evaluation Process 082 3.3 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 083 3.3.1 GEI Development Global Index 083 3.3.2 Green and Low-carbon Index 086 3.3.3 Development Security Index 088 3.3.4 Interconnection Index 089 3.3.5? Economic Efficiency Index 092 3.4 Regional Characteristics 094 3.4.1 Europe 095 3.4.2 North America 098 3.4.3 Oceania 100 3.4.4 East Asia 102 3.4.5 Central and South America 104 3.4.6 Southeast Asia 106 3.4.7 South Asia 109 3.4.8 Russia and Central Asia 111 3.4.9 West Asia and North Africa 113 3.4.10 Sub-Saharan Africa 116 3.5 Country Ranking 118 3.5.1 Country Ranking in GEIDI 118 3.5.2 Ranking in Sub-indexes 121 4Innovation Practice on Global Green Transition 4.1 Clean Energy 124 4.1.1 Hornsea 2 Offshore Wind Farm at North Sea 124 4.1.2 “PV+” Mode Practive of Three Gorges Energy in China 126 4.1.3 Zungeru Hydropower Station in Nigeria 128 4.1.4 Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station in China 130 4.1.5 Ca Mau 1# Offshore Wind Power Station in Vietnam 131 4.2 Power Grid Development 133 4.2.1 Zhundong-East China (South Anhui) ±1100 kV UHVDC Project in China 133 4.2.2 Ethiopia-Kenya ±500 kV DC Transmission Project 135 4.2.3 Zhangbei VSC-HVDC Project in China 136 4.2.4 UK-Norway World’s Longest Submarine Cable Interconnection Project 138 4.2.5 Baihetan-Jiangsu/Zhejiang ±800 kV UHVDC Project in China 139 4.3 Smart Grid 141 4.3.1 Xiong’an Smart Grid in China 141 4.3.2 Saudi Arabia Smart Meter 144 4.3.3 State Grid New Energy Cloud in China 146 4.3.4 California VPP in the United States 147 4.3.5 Jiangsu Zhenjiang Energy Storage Power Station in China 149 4.4 End-use Sectors 152 4.4.1 Shenzhen V2G Operation Management Platform in China 152 4.4.2 Shell Refhyne Electrohydrogen Production Project 154 4.4.3 Lanzhou Liquid Solar Fuel Synthesis Demonstration Project in China 156 4.4.4 Jiangsu Yining Energy Micro-carbon Smart Energy Science and Technology Innovation Industrial Park in China 157 4.4.5 Envision Ordos Zero-carbon Industrial Park in China 160 5Outlook on Global Energy Transition and Development 5.1 Economy and Society 165 5.1.1 Population Size 165 5.1.2 Economic Growth 168 5.1.3 Low-carbon Industry 170 5.1.4 Green Investment 171 5.2 Energy Supply and Demand 173 5.2.1 Energy Production 173 5.2.2 Energy Consumption 175 5.3 Energy Security 177 5.3.1 Supply Security 177 5.3.2 Trade Security 179 5.3.3 Market Security 180 5.4 Interconnection 182 5.4.1 Power Grid Configuration System 182 5.4.2 Green Hydrogen Configuration System 184 5.5 Technological Innovation 186 5.5.1 Clean Power Generation Technologies 187 5.5.2 New Types of Energy Storage 190 5.5.3 Advanced Power Transmission Technologies 192 5.5.4 Electricity Replacement Technology 194 5.5.5 Green Hydrogen and Green Chemical Technology 195 5.5.6 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technology 196 5.6 International Cooperation 198 5.6.1 Mechanism Establishment 198 5.6.2 Green Finance 201 5Outlook on Global Energy Transition and Development Appendix A Research Methodology for Annual Review of Global Green Transition 202 Appendix B GEIDI Model and Method 203 Appendix C Integrated Assessment Model for Global Energy Transition Outlook 238
