应急减灾安全常识

《应急减灾安全常识》从内容选题与呈现方式上具有一定的新颖性。读者可以通过手机终端扫描二维码，实现动画短片和典型事件、相关背景材料的链接，能够更加直观准确地了解公共安全的概念和范畴、相关科普知识以及应急处置原则和管理措施。

路一平，河北北方学院图书馆副馆长，副研究馆员。长期从事图书情报及自动化管理研究。主持或参与省部级科研项目多项。对公共安全与防灾减灾措施及管理有着深入研究。多项相关专利已作成果转化并投入实践。担任北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会住宿设施团队驻地经理。

目　录 1　公共安全与应急管理 ···········································································1 1.1　公共安全 ·····················································································1 1.1.1　安全观的历史演变 ·······························································1 1.1.2　我国公共安全研究现状 ·························································2 1.1.3　公共安全文化 ······································································4 1.1.4　公共安全管理和危机应急 ·····················································6 1.2　防灾减灾理念 ··············································································8 1.2.1　灾害对人类社会造成的消极影响 ··········································8 1.2.2　灾害管理的发展 ···································································9 1.2.3　当前我国安全治理面临的问题 ·············································11 1.2.4　防灾减灾新理念：建设“韧性城市” ···································13 1.2.5　“两个坚持、三个转变” ····················································14 1.3　减灾文化与国际减灾 ····································································16 1.3.1　灾害文化的内涵 ··································································16 1.3.2　国际减灾十年计划 ······························································17 1.3.3　国际减灾日 ········································································19 1.3.4　世界减灾大会 ·····································································21 1.3.5　国际安全减灾经验 ······························································22 1.4　应急管理 ····················································································24 1.4.1　突发事件及其基本特征 ························································24 1.4.2　应急管理概述 ·····································································25 1.4.3　我国应急管理的发展历程 ····················································26 1.4.4　应急管理中的“一案三制” ·················································27 1.4.5　应急响应和应急处置 ···························································29 1.4.6　应急备灾 ············································································30 1.5　科普宣传 ····················································································31 1.5.1　提高公众的安全意识是减轻灾害损失的有效手段 ··················31 1.5.2　防灾减灾科普宣传是一项长期的艰苦工作 ·····························33 1.5.3　加强舆论引导，有效利用媒体应对突发事件 ·························35 2　常见的主要自然灾害 ··········································································38 2.1　自然灾害概述 ·············································································38 2.1.1　自然灾害的类型和特点 ························································38 2.1.2　我国自然灾害的特点 ···························································40 2.1.3　自然灾害对人类的影响 ························································41 2.1.4　自然灾害产生的原因 ···························································43 2.1.5　自然灾害管理现状 ······························································44 2.1.6　自然灾害的防治和应对 ························································46 2.2　气象灾害 ····················································································48 2.2.1　气象灾害概述 ·····································································48 2.2.2　我国气象灾害及其特点 ························································50 2.2.3　我国气象防灾减灾工作概况 ·················································53 2.2.4　常见气象灾害形成的原因 ····················································55 2.2.5　防治政策和应对措施 ···························································57 2.3　常见的气象灾害 —— 旱涝 ····························································58 2.3.1　旱涝灾害概述 ·····································································58 2.3.2　洪涝灾害的严重性 ······························································59 2.3.3　引发洪涝灾害的原因 ···························································60 2.3.4　洪涝灾害的防治政策和应对措施 ··········································61 2.3.5　干旱灾害 ············································································63 2.4　地质灾害 ····················································································65 2.4.1　地质灾害概述 ·····································································65 2.4.2　地质灾害防灾减灾工作开展现状 ··········································67 2.4.3　我国地质灾害特点及防灾形势 ·············································68 2.4.4　地质灾害形成原因 ······························································70 2.4.5　防治政策和应对措施 ···························································72 2.5　常见的地质灾害 —— 地震 ····························································74 2.5.1　地震灾害概述 ·····································································74 2.5.2　造成我国地震灾害严重的主要原因 ·······································76 2.5.3　地震灾害的影响 ··································································78 2.5.4　地震次生灾害的形成原因 ····················································79 2.5.5　防治政策和应对措施 ···························································80 3　人为灾害 ··························································································84 3.1　人为灾害概述 ·············································································84 3.1.1　人为灾害概念及分类 ···························································84 3.1.2　我国人为灾害的研究和管理现状 ··········································85 3.1.3　人为灾害的特点 ··································································87 3.1.4　常见的人为灾害产生的主要原因 ··········································88 3.1.5　人为灾害的防范 ··································································89 3.2　交通事故 ····················································································92 3.2.1　交通事故概述 ·····································································92 3.2.2　我国交通事故的现状 ···························································93 3.2.3　常见交通事故的形成原因 ····················································94 3.2.4　交通事故的防范 ··································································97 3.3　生命线系统事故 ········································································100 3.3.1　生命线系统事故概述 ·························································100 3.3.2　生命线系统事故现状 ·························································101 3.3.3　常见的生命线系统事故形成原因 ········································102 3.3.4　生命线系统事故的防范 ······················································104 3.4　火灾事故 ··················································································107 3.4.1　火灾事故概述 ···································································107 3.4.2　我国火灾事故现状 ····························································109 3.4.3　常见的火灾事故形成原因 ··················································110 3.4.4　火灾事故的防范 ································································112 3.5　安全生产事故 ···········································································115 3.5.1　安全生产概述 ···································································115 3.5.2　我国安全生产现状 ····························································116 3.5.3　企业安全生产事故发生的常见原因 ·····································117 3.5.4　安全生产事故的防范 ·························································119 3.6　踩踏事故 ··················································································121 3.6.1　踩踏事故概述 ···································································121 3.6.2　发生踩踏事故的常见原因 ··················································122 3.6.3　踩踏事故的防范 ································································124 4　公共卫生事件 ··················································································127 4.1　公共卫生事件概述 ·····································································127 4.1.1　公共卫生事件的概念和分级 ···············································127 4.1.2　公共卫生事件的特点 ·························································130 4.1.3　公共卫生事件的危害 ·························································131 4.1.4　国外应对公共卫生事件的经验 ···········································133 4.1.5　公共卫生事件的处置和应对 ···············································135 4.2　重大传染病和动物疫情 ······························································138 4.2.1　重大传染病概述 ································································138 4.2.2　人类历史上重大传染疾病 ··················································139 4.2.3　我国在应对重大传染病方面的进展 ·····································141 4.2.4　常见的传染病分类 ····························································143 4.2.5　动物疫情 ··········································································144 4.2.6　疫情防控应对措施 ····························································145 4.2.7　新冠肺炎防护建议 ····························································147 4.3　食品安全事件 ···········································································149 4.3.1　食品安全事件概述 ····························································149 4.3.2　我国食品安全的现状 ·························································150 4.3.3　食品安全事件的特点 ·························································151 4.3.4　食品安全事件的分类 ·························································153 4.3.5　食品安全事件的预防 ·························································154 4.3.6　食品安全事件的处置和应对 ···············································156 4.4　职业中毒和急性化学中毒 ···························································158 4.4.1　职业中毒概述 ···································································158 4.4.2　职业中毒的类型 ································································15